ABSTRACT
Every community, state, and country, should understand the risks it faces and understand how to manage them. To achieve this, it is necessary to engage in threat, hazard identification, and risk analysis. To identify the threats and hazards to an area, forecasting, historical information about the location, and expertise in past threats and hazards are required. After the threats and hazards are identified, an assessment of how each threat and hazard affects the area is conducted. The allhazards approach seeks to identify all threats and hazards to an area. According to Presidential Policy Directive 21 (or PPD-21), all hazards is defined as “a threat or an incident, natural or manmade, that warrants action to protect life, property, the environment, and public health or safety, and to minimize disruptions of government, social, or economic activities. It includes natural disasters, cyber incidents, industrial accidents, pandemics, acts of terrorism, sabotage, and destructive criminal activity targeting critical infrastructure.”* The all-hazards approach has been used in the field emergency management and the protection of critical infrastructure.
