ABSTRACT
Environmental Causes of ARF from Pigment Nephropathies: Snakebites . . 291 Environmental Causes of ARF from Pigment Nephropathies: Spider Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Environmental Causes of ARF from Pigment Nephropathies: Rodenticide Ingestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Phossy Jaw, Chronic Inorganic Phosphate Ingestion, and Bisphosphonate-Associated Mandibular Osteonecrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Occupational Causes of ARF: Heavy Metal-Induced Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Lead Poisoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Mercury Poisoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 ARF from Glomerular Nephropathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Occupational Causes of ARF: Toxic Alcohols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Ethylene Glycol Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Diethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Direct ARF: Acute Glomerular Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Occupational Causes of ARF: Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Environmental Causes of ARF: Hymenoptera Stings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Environmental and Occupational Nephrotoxicology: CRF . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Nephrotoxic Plants Causing CRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Chronic Renal Failure 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Environmental Nephrotoxicology: Parasitic Infections Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Post-Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Epidemiology Pathophysiology Acute vs. chronic renal dysfunction Direct vs. indirect acute renal dysfunction Sensitive vs. insensitive exposure biomarkers Indirect acute renal dysfunction: physical stressors, pigment nephropathies Acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy Acute glomerular nephropathy Chronic glomerular nephropathy Misc. chronic nephropathies: vascular nephropathy, papillary necrosis, cystic disease,
radiation nephritis Environmental and occupational GU tract carcinogens Lower GU tract disorders: urolithiasis, neurogenic bladder, bladder cancer, cystitis Conclusions
◾ Today, approximately 0.5 million persons are treated for ESRD annually, and this group is anticipated to increase as the population ages.
