ABSTRACT
Ethylenediamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 Fluoride Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Isocyanates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Isocyanates-Toluene Diisocyanate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Maleic Anhydride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 Mercaptans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Methylene Diamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 Nitriles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 o-Phenylenediamine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Phosphorus/Phosphides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 Phthalates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 Resins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 Styrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 Trimellitic Anhydride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 Triorthocresylphosphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 Xylidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
skin with tepid water for 15 min, do not induce emesis, activated charcoal at a dose of 1 g/kg (infant, child, and adult dose), 4-8 ounces of milk or water; if bronchospasmaerosolized bronchodilator (albuterol), corticosteroids if patient wheezing or hypersensitivity pneumonitis; children with stridor-racemic epinephrine aerosol (dose 0.25-0.75 mL of 2.25% racemic epinephrine solution as needed every 20 min); adults with systolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg, bolus perfusion of 1,000 mL/h intravenous saline or lactated Ringer’s solution, children-20 mL/kg bolus of normal saline over 10-20 min, then infuse at 2-3 mL/kg/h
phoresis (SDS-PAGE), papermaking, ore; baking or frying foods produce acrylamide (overcooking = ↑levels)—Rxn btw aspargine and reducing sugars
speech disorders, numbness, and weakened legs and hands ◾ Ingestion: Drowsiness, off-balance, confusion, memory loss, hallucinations
numbness, paresthesias, ataxia, tremor, dysarthria, and mid-brain lesions ◾ Reproduction: Large doses suspected to affect male reproductive glands ◾ Carcinogen: Studies inconsistent but suspected ◾ Mutagen: Chromosomal aberrations, dominant lethality, sister chromatid exchanges
and unscheduled DNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro animals ◾ Diagnosis: Test air, water, foods ◾ Misc: One case well-water poisoning
tions, emulsion polymers, paint formulations, leather nishing, and paper coatings; produced by some algae
and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary; may trigger allergic reaction; coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting
asphyxia via throat swelling, GI tract mucous membranes destruction ◾ Diagnosis: Primarily environmental testing
◾ Denition: Group of organic compounds considered as derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen by organic radicals
amine, methylethanolamine, aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, trimethylamine, dimethylethanolamine
◾ Use: Dyes (methyl orange, direct brown 138, sunset yellow), pharmaceuticals (chlorpheniramine-antihistamine; chlorpromazine-tranquilizer; ephedrine and phenylephrine-decongestants; amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methcathinone = controlled substances), gas treatment (used to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulde (H2S) from natural gas)
cals intermediate for dyes, agricultural, polymer, and rubber; pollutants in outdoor air, burning plastics, burning tobacco; made from benzene; drugs (starting product for paracetamol-acetaminophen, Tylenol); staining dye
congestion; very toxic-lethal dose 50-500 milligrams per kilogram body weight (mg/kg); tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, and dizziness
◾ Chronic toxicity: Inhalation-methemoglobin formation (inability to transport O2 and CO2) resulting cyanosis (bluish coloration of the skin, nail beds, lips, mucous membranes due to ↓O2 of the blood); irritating to mucous membranes eyes, skin, upper respiratory; carcinogen; nervous system
◾ Pathophysiology: Binds hemoglobin-iron normal ferrous state Fe2+ oxidizes to Fe3+ alters absorption and discolorization
dant)—contraindicated if glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency hemolysis; (2) ascorbic acid (antioxidant)
◾ Misc: Aniline dye used in diaper production-methemoglobinemia; Spain 1981 epidemic-rapeseed oil denatured with aniline linked to toxic oil syndrome
◾ Uses: NaN3 propellant in airbags; anhydrous source of N3−; pharmaceuticals; azide salts mutagenesis studies; rotary evaporators, freeze-drying equipment, cooling traps, water baths, waste pipes
◾ Toxicity: Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase by binding irreversibly to heme cofactor (similar carbon monoxide); explosive in [↑] and vapors
vomiting, rapid heart rate, red eyes (gas or dust exposure), clear drainage from the nose (gas or dust exposure), cough (gas or dust exposure), skin burns and blisters (explosion or direct skin contact); convulsions, ↓ blood pressure, slow heart rate, loss of consciousness, lung injury, respiratory failure leading to death
◾ Toxicity: Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation cytochrome oxidase (cytotoxic hypoxia and metabolic acidosis), potential CN production
◾ Clinical poisoning: Cardiovascular, and eye > initial gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
ity to all attending personnel ◾ Treatment: Supportive, ICU monitoring, copious eye irrigation (pH 7.4
saline > Ringer’s lactate > tap water); adequate ventilation and PPE
◾ Denition: Chemical compounds containing bromine. ◾ Examples: Aluminum bromide (AlBr3), ammonium bromide (NH4Br), bromine
monouoride (BrF), bromine pentauoride (BrF5), bromine triuoride (BrF3), ethidium bromide (C21H20BrN3), tetrabromomethane (CBr4), hydrobromic acid (HBr), iron(III) bromide (FeBr3), lithium bromide (LiBr), phosphorus pentabromide (PBr5), phosphorus tribromide (PBr3), potassium bromide (KBr), potassium bromate (KBrO3), silver bromide (AgBr), sodium bromide (NaBr), sodium bromate (NaBrO3).
