ABSTRACT
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................... 179 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 180 Why Do We Suspect That Sugars Are Associated with Adverse Health Outcomes? .................... 181 In What Ways Does the Metabolism of Fructose Differ from That of Glucose? ........................... 181 Sugar-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Animal Models and Proposed Mechanisms ................... 183 Epidemiological Data Linking Consumption of Dietary Sugars and Human Obesity .................. 184 Effects of Sugars on Energy Expenditure ...................................................................................... 185 Effects of Sugars on Energy Intake ................................................................................................ 185 Role of Sugars in the Development of Dyslipidemia..................................................................... 186 Effects of Dietary Sugars on Glucose Homeostasis ....................................................................... 186 De Novo Lipogenesis and Ectopic Lipid Deposition in Liver Cells as Key Mechanisms Linking Fructose and Metabolic Risk Factors ............................................................................... 187 Uric Acid as a Mediator of Fructose’s Adverse Effects ................................................................. 188 Gender Differences for Fructose’s Metabolic Effects .................................................................... 188 General Conclusions and Future Perspectives ............................................................................... 188 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 190 Conicts of Interest ........................................................................................................................ 190 References ...................................................................................................................................... 191
• The material reviewed in this chapter includes many human studies having used very high amounts of sugar or pure fructose to workout possible pathogenic mechanisms. Such studies do not imply that sugars have the same effects when ingested at doses encountered in usual diets.
