ABSTRACT
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, changed the way U.S. federal agencies and state and local authorities interfaced with one another: all levels of government were forced to work collaboratively. Additionally, after 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security was created so that the U.S. intelligence, disaster, border protection, and federal investigative agencies would work together and share information. Around the world, foreign intelligence agencies began to adapt to respond to a global war on terrorism. Intelligence agencies began to share information and coordinate law enforcement and intelligence operations. Why? Yet as nations worked collectively to respond to threats of terror, emergency management lagged. In the United States, the impacts of Hurricane Katrina were a good example of how emergency management lagged behind the innovations in intelligence. Emergency managers and policy makers failed to understand their population on the front end. So during the response, they were unable to understand why people ignored evacuation orders. Later in this book you will see many examples throughout history where emergency managers and policy makers failed to harness information to inform emergency management plans and operations.
