ABSTRACT
Efforts in the realm of nanoscience have been made to miniaturize existing technology and to explore the unique phenomena that occur at small length scales. Studies of the nanoscale often blur the interfaces between traditionally dened disciplines such that knowledge of engineering, chemistry, physics, materials science, and biological sciences must be considered in a comprehensive perspective. Investigations and applications of nanopores, found in a wide variety of scientic elds and for a number of diverse applications, exemplify this point. A nanopore is dened as a structure with a characteristic feature (e.g., aperture size) between 1 and 100 nm in diameter; to put this in perspective, this dimension is nominally between the size of a glucose molecule and a typical virus. This scale-essentially the molecular and macromolecular regime-demonstrates a number of size-dependent phenomena and interesting applications for single-molecule detection and analysis. For instance, electrically driven transport, which depends on electrochemical phenomena such as
11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 395 11.2 Nanoporous Platforms .......................................................................................................... 396
11.2.1 Solid-State Nanopores .............................................................................................. 396 11.2.1.1 Nanoporous Membranes ............................................................................ 396 11.2.1.2 Nanopores within Silicon Supports ........................................................... 399 11.2.1.3 Nanopipettes .............................................................................................. 401 11.2.1.4 Nanouidics ............................................................................................... 401 11.2.1.5 Nanoporous Graphene ...............................................................................402
