ABSTRACT
Oxidation and Immune Response: Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns......... 152 Pattern Recognition Receptors .......................................................................... 153
Scavenger Receptors .................................................................................... 153 Toll-Like Receptors ...................................................................................... 154 Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-Products ........................................ 155
Soluble PRRs .................................................................................................... 156 C-Reactive Protein ........................................................................................ 156 Complement Factor H .................................................................................. 156 Natural Antibodies ........................................................................................ 156 Auto-Antibodies (autoAb) and Immune Complexes .................................... 156
Modied Lipids as oxDAMPs ............................................................................... 157 Phosphatidylcholines......................................................................................... 157
Truncated oxPC ............................................................................................ 157 Oxygenated oxPC ......................................................................................... 158 oxPC in Mitochondria Dysfunction and Apoptosis ...................................... 158 Platelet-Activating Factor-Like Oxidized PC ............................................... 159
Phosphatidylethanolamines ............................................................................... 159 PE-Esteried Eicosanoids ............................................................................ 159 Head Group Modications ........................................................................... 161
Lysophospholipids............................................................................................. 161 Oxysterols and Cholesterol Esters .................................................................... 163 Peptide-Lipid Adducts ...................................................................................... 164 Nitrated Fatty Acids .......................................................................................... 164
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 166 References .............................................................................................................. 166
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) have the ability to modify, either directly or indirectly, the majority of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, and carbohydrates.1,2 More than 200 clinical disorders have been suggested to depend on ROS/RNS, which are considered important initiators and mediators of cancer, heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders, brain degenerative impairments, diabetes, and ischemic pathologies.3 Recent experimental evidence linked ROS/RNS overproduction to inammatory processes.4 Many human disorders, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and obesity are accompanied by inammatory response and innate immune system activation. Inammation, as a defense mechanism against invading pathogenic microorganisms, usually leads to increased production rates of ROS via activation of neutrophils, which produce superoxide anions in high quantities to ght the pathogens. However, recent data indicate that oxidative stress and oxidized biomolecules are involved in sterile inammation (i.e., inammation in the absence of pathogens) that accompanies many human disorders.5 Oxidized biomolecules were shown to trigger chronic inammation, which determines the onset of many diseases and favors their progression. The underlying mechanisms by which ROS/RNS modied molecules initiate and participate in inammatory reactions are mostly unknown and need to be resolved.
