ABSTRACT
Summary ................................................................................................................ 190 8.1 Fundamental Studies on Vitamins and Cognition ........................................ 190
8.1.1 Antioxidant Vitamins ....................................................................... 190 8.1.1.1 Vitamin A .......................................................................... 193 8.1.1.2 Vitamin C ........................................................................... 193 8.1.1.3 Vitamin E ........................................................................... 194
8.2 Vitamin D ..................................................................................................... 194 8.3 B Vitamins .................................................................................................... 195
8.3.1 Vitamin B6 ........................................................................................ 195 8.3.2 Vitamin B9 (Folate) ........................................................................... 195 8.3.3 Vitamin B12 ....................................................................................... 196 8.3.4 Other B Vitamins and B Vitamin Deciencies ................................ 196
8.4 Homocysteine ............................................................................................... 197 8.5 Essential Minerals ........................................................................................ 199 8.6 Roles of Vitamins and Minerals in the Brain Related to Ageing and
Cognition ...................................................................................................... 199 8.6.1 Oxidative Stress ................................................................................ 199 8.6.2 Roles of Antioxidant Vitamins in Cognition ....................................200 8.6.3 Role of Vitamin D in Cognition .......................................................200 8.6.4 Role of B Vitamins in Cognition ...................................................... 201
8.7 Recent Research Evidence for Associations of Vitamins and Minerals with Cognition .............................................................................................. 201 8.7.1 B Vitamins and Homocysteine ......................................................... 201
8.7.1.1 Epidemiological Studies .................................................... 201 8.7.2 Randomised Controlled Trials with B Vitamins ..............................202 8.7.3 Antioxidant Cohort Studies Related to Cognition ............................203
