ABSTRACT
Healthcare fraud has been one of the biggest problem faced by United States, and almost every
other nation, costing tens of billions of dollars a year. With growing healthcare expenditure, cur-
rently estimated to exceed $3 trillion in 2014 [21], the threat of healthcare fraud is increasing at an
alarming pace. The complexity of the healthcare domain, which includes multiple sets of partici-
pants, including healthcare providers, beneficiaries (patients), and insurance companies, makes the
problem of detecting healthcare fraud equally challenging and sets it apart from other similar areas
such as credit card [7] and auto insurance fraud detection [16].
