ABSTRACT

DMF is one of the simplest forms of wastewater treatment that can produce readily recyclable water for irrigation and landscaping. Several potential advantages over CAS and regular MBR have been proposed: (1) lower net energy consumption and smaller footprint due to the lack of biological tanks, (2) less operational challenges from the biological fluctuations, (3) lower capital costs, and (4) higher nutritional value of recycled water due to the lack of BNR (Sutton et al. 2011). Contacting the filtered wastewater with zeolite (clinoptilolite) column was proposed to remove ammoniacal nitrogen, if necessary. Phosphorus removal can be performed by adding coagulant to the raw wastewater. However, most of these hypothetical advantages have been denied mainly because of the inferior membrane performance in treating raw wastewater without thorough biological pretreatment.