The Dog

Toxicology ...................................................................................................................................... 569 History ....................................................................................................................................... 569 Normal Parameters ................................................................................................................... 570

Growth Curves and Feed Consumption ............................................................................... 570 Reproductive and Physiological Parameters ........................................................................ 570

Husbandry ................................................................................................................................. 573 Housing ................................................................................................................................ 573 Exercise ................................................................................................................................ 574 Socialization ......................................................................................................................... 575 Sanitation .............................................................................................................................. 575 Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Ventilation ................................................................ 576 Diet ....................................................................................................................................... 576 Water .................................................................................................................................... 578 Disease ................................................................................................................................. 578 Quarantine and Veterinary Care .......................................................................................... 581

Dosing Techniques .................................................................................................................... 581 Oral ....................................................................................................................................... 581 Subcutaneous ........................................................................................................................ 582 Intramuscular ....................................................................................................................... 582 Intraperitoneal ...................................................................................................................... 583 Intravenous ........................................................................................................................... 583 Rectal and Vaginal ............................................................................................................... 584

Data Collection ......................................................................................................................... 584 Observations and Physical Examinations ............................................................................ 584 Cardiovascular Parameters ................................................................................................... 585

Clinical Laboratory Sample Collection .................................................................................... 588 Blood Collection ................................................................................................................... 588 Urine Collection ................................................................................................................... 588

Common Study Protocols and Associated Considerations ....................................................... 589 Selection of Study Animals .................................................................................................. 590 Numbers of Animals and Experimental Design Considerations ......................................... 590 Randomization ..................................................................................................................... 590 Study Activities .................................................................................................................... 591

Species Peculiarities.................................................................................................................. 591 Emesis .................................................................................................................................. 591 Shedding and Alopecia ........................................................................................................ 591 Polysorbate-Induced Histamine Reaction ............................................................................ 591

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Dog ............................................................................... 592 Pathology ....................................................................................................................................... 592

Integumentary System .............................................................................................................. 593 Anatomy and Histology........................................................................................................ 593 Epidermis, Dermis, and Hair Coat ....................................................................................... 593 Apocrine Sweat Glands ........................................................................................................ 595 Ceruminous Glands .............................................................................................................. 595 Eccrine Sweat Glands .......................................................................................................... 595 Mammary Glands ................................................................................................................ 595 Necropsy and Laboratory Techniques .................................................................................. 596 Pathology .............................................................................................................................. 596 Nonneoplastic Findings, Spontaneous ................................................................................. 597 Alopecia ............................................................................................................................... 597 Dermatosis of the Ear ........................................................................................................... 597 Neoplastic Findings, Spontaneous ....................................................................................... 597

Musculoskeletal System ............................................................................................................ 598 Anatomy and Histology........................................................................................................ 598 Necropsy and Laboratory Techniques .................................................................................. 601 Pathology ..............................................................................................................................603