ABSTRACT
WILLIAMS G.S. 22.10. 1866 Saginaw MI/USA 12.12. 1931 Ann Arbor MI/USA Gardner Stewart Williams graduated in 1889 from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI. He was then first assistant engineer for water works construction at Bismarck ND, resident engineer for water works construction at Greenville MI, civil engineer for the Board of Water Commissioners, Detroit MI, from 1893 to 1898, engineer in charge of the hydraulic laboratory of Cornell University, Ithaca NY, until 1904, then professor of civil and sanitary engineering at University of Michigan. There he was from 1911 consultant dealing with problems in hydraulics and water power. He was a member of the International Commission on Navigation of Great Lakes, of ASCE, ASME, the North-Eastern Water Works Association, and the Detroit Engineering Society. Williams is known for his 1905 booklet written jointly with Allen Hazen (1869-1930). After pipe flow had been thoroughly studied over a long time, with notable contributions mainly of Henry Darcy (1803-1858) in 1856, and his former collaborator Henry Bazin (1829-1917) in 1897, Williams and Hazen added new data to investigate mainly the roughness effect. In addition to straight pipes, they also analyzed the effects of local elements such as pipe bends. These books were then popular among hydraulic engineers. Currently, computers replace the numerical tables but use the identical mathematical background. The formula of Williams and Hazen was popular during the entire 20th century mainly in the USA. It particularly applies to design piping systems including sprinkler, water supply or irrigation networks. The formula relates only to water flow. Anonymous (1909). Williams, Gardner S. Who’s who in America: 2069. Marquis: New York. Anonymous (1931). Gardner S. Williams. Engineering News-Record 107(27): 1053. P Fenkell, G.H., Leisen, T.A., Hoad, W.C., Williams, G.S. (1924). Reports on additional water supply for Detroit and environs. Board of Water Commission: Detroit. Williams, G.S., Hubbell, C.W., Fenkell, G.H. (1902). Experiments at Detroit MI on the effect of curvature upon the flow of water in pipes. Trans. ASCE 47: 1-369. Williams, G.S. (1904). Advances in the design of high masonry dams. Engineering Record 50: 469-471. Williams, G.S., Hazen, A. (1905). Hydraulic tables showing the loss of head due to friction of water flowing in pipes, aqueducts, sewers and discharge over weirs. Wiley: New York. Williams, G.S. (1911). Hydraulics, pumping, water power. American Civil Engineers’ Pocket Book 9: 830-912, M. Merriman, ed. Wiley: New York.
