ABSTRACT
With the ever-increasing demand for capacity over wireless networks, the demand on communication systems are fast outgrowing their bandwidth allocations. Nowhere is this problem more evident than in mobile/cellular networks. Here, the increasing number of users coupled with their insatiable demands for data are quickly outgrowing the limits of their bandwidth allocations. To further exacerbate the problem, most networks operate in urban environments where multipath
Contents 1.1 Microstrip/Patch Antenna Elements for Directional Antenna Systems ............................... 4 1.2 Basic Components and Theory of a Microstrip Antenna and Array .................................... 4
1.2.1 Single-Element Radiation Pattern ........................................................................... 5 1.3 Directional Antennas ......................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 Types of Antenna Array Configurations ................................................................. 8 1.4 Beamforming ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.1 Phase-Shift Beamforming ....................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Adaptive Beamforming ..........................................................................................11
