ABSTRACT
Spine complaints are a major cause of concern in both sports and industry. All age groups and body types sustain back injuries. Stars of some sports such as golf, tennis, and baseball have been incapacitated by low back pain. Other sports such as football, diving, and wrestling have their share of acute lumbar spine injuries.31 High-velocity sports such as motor
sports carry the highest risk for potentially life-threatening injuries to the spine. More than 80% of all Americans will have spine complaints in their lifetime.31 Low back pain is the most common complaint and is seen typically in the third through sixth decades of life. It is the most common cause of disability in patients under 45 years of age. Signicant risk factors for progressive disc degeneration in American high
47.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 499 47.2 Anatomy .......................................................................................................................................................................... 500 47.3 Examination of the Lumbar Spine................................................................................................................................... 501 47.4 Acute Lumbar Spine Injuries ........................................................................................................................................... 502 47.5 Chronic and Subacute Lumbar Spine Injuries ................................................................................................................. 504 47.6 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis ............................................................................................................................... 507 47.7 Facet Syndrome ............................................................................................................................................................... 509 47.8 Pediatric Back Pain ...........................................................................................................................................................510 47.9 Summary ..........................................................................................................................................................................510 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................................510 References ..................................................................................................................................................................................510
