ABSTRACT
Chapter 10 describes how typical planning techniques in public administration and policy fail to accommodate the impact of external change and organizational reactions on implementation efforts, so that plans often do not achieve their objectives. The result is an approach to internal and external change that is mismatched to an environment of constant change. It is often not feasible to reflect such realistic constraints in the planning processes that are in use. Administrators continue to be evaluated based on achieving set objectives, despite changes in the environment. An alternative approach to evaluation, based on following appropriate processes despite the outcome, is not likely to be accepted by policy-setters.
