ABSTRACT
Since the inception of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM),1 electrochemists have sought to take advantage of scanned probe microscopy (SPM) techniques to manipulate the spatial position of an electrode with high resolution. In addition to STM,
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 73 2.2 Properties of Nanopipettes ............................................................................. 74 2.3 Principle of Operation .................................................................................... 76 2.4 Feedback Modes in SICM .............................................................................. 79
2.4.1 Non-Modulated Mode (DC Feedback Mode) ..................................... 79 2.4.2 Distance-Modulated Mode (AC Feedback Mode) .............................. 79 2.4.3 Repetitive Approach Modes: Picking/Backstep/Hopping/
Standing Approach Modes .................................................................80 2.4.4 Feedback Mode Improvements ........................................................... 82
2.5 Resolution ....................................................................................................... 83 2.6 Hybrid Techniques ..........................................................................................87
