Synergistic Induction of Bone Formation by Relatively Low Doses of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and -β3 in Binary Application with Recombinant Human Osteogenic Protein-1

Systematic studies by the Bone Research Laboratory of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, on the bone induction principle (Urist et al. 1967, 1968) have yielded a series of published data on the induction of bone formation by naturally derived bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the three mammalian transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms, and calcium phosphate-based macroporous biomimetic

matrices when implanted in heterotopic extraskeletal sites of the rectus abdominis muscle of adult Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) (reviewed in Ripamonti 2004; Ripamonti et al. 2001, 2004, 2014). The systematic experimentation in P. ursinus has yielded unprecedented results, which were and still are against both the scientic and commercial dogmas of “Bone: Formation by autoinduction” (Urist 1965; Reddi and Huggins 1972).