ABSTRACT
Pharmaceutical manufacturing can be divided into a number of unit process on the basis of a few fundamental principles. Fluids are a form of matter that cannot achieve equilibrium under an applied shear stress but deform continuously, or flow, as long as shear stress is applied. Viscous and inertial forces operate to determine the flow pattern and drag force on a body moving relative to a fluid. The fluid properties are to be measured at the mean of the wall and bulk fluid temperatures. Heat transfer to boiling liquids occurs in a number of operations, for example, distillation and evaporation. Heat transfer to liquids boiling in vertical tubes is common in evaporators. Transport of material in stagnant fluids or across streamlines of a fluid in laminar flow occurs by molecular diffusion. Transfer of a component from one mixed phase to another ccurs in several processes.
