ABSTRACT
Previous chapters dened and discussed several functional groups. e fundamental issues of equilibria associated with acid-base reactions have been presented, showing that the strength of the acid is dependent upon the base, and vice versa. e dierence between a Brønsted-Lowry base that reacts with molecules (e.g., HCl) bearing an electropositive proton and a Lewis base that reacts with electropositive atoms other than hydrogen (B, Al, etc.) were explained. Electrondonating species that react with carbon are separated into a unique category labeled as nucleophiles. It is now time to explore the chemical reactivity of organic molecules in depth. In other words, how is one molecule changed into another? is discussion will begin with alkenes (see Section 5.1) and alkynes (Section 5.3)
To understand this chapter, you should
◾ Understand IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alkyl halides (Sections 4.4, 5.1, 5.3, and 5.8)
◾ Recognize and name alkenes and alkynes (Sections 5.1 and 5.3) ◾ Understand the nature of σ-bonds (Sections 3.3 through 3.8) ◾ Understand the nature of π-bonds (Sections 5.1 and 5.2) ◾ Dene and recognize the structures of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases (Sections 2.1
through 2.4 and 6.1 through 6.3) ◾ Dene and recognize the structures of Lewis acids and bases (Sections 2.7 and 6.8) ◾ Dene a nucleophile (Section 6.10) ◾ Understand the role of bond strength in acid-base equilibria (Section 6.3) ◾ Understand the role of conjugate acid and conjugate base stability in acid-base equilib-
ria (Sections 6.1 through 6.3) ◾ Recognize the presence of resonance (Sections 2.6.5 and 5.11.3) ◾ Understand the role of resonance in the stability of molecules (Sections 6.3.1 and 5.11.3) ◾ Understand the structure of reactive intermediates (e.g., anions, carbocations, and radi-
cals) (Section 5.7) ◾ Understand and identify intermediates in a reaction-energy curve (Section 7.5) ◾ Understand the concept of mechanism (Section 7.8) ◾ Understand the acid-base nature of alcohols and amines (Section 6.5) ◾ Understand the fundamentals of conformation applied to acyclic molecules (Sections 8.1
through 8.4) ◾ Understand the fundamentals of conformation applied to cyclic molecules of ring sizes
of 3-6 (Sections 8.5 and 8.6) ◾ Know the stereogenic centers and chirality (Section 9.1) ◾ Know the absolute conguration (Section 9.2) ◾ Know the diastereomers (Section 9.7)
is chapter will build on the principles introduced in previous chapters and show applications to common chemical reactions of two important hydrocarbon functional groups: alkenes and alkynes. is chapter will also introduce several new chemical reagents (compounds that react with an alkene or alkyne to give a new molecule) and introduce several new types of reactions.
