ABSTRACT
Graphene can be manufactured on large-area substrates as a thin single-layer sheet, as graphene nanoakes, as graphene nanoplatelets, as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and as a graphene oxide solution. The cost of production of thin-lm graphene can be reduced to $60 per square inch using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Further reductions in the cost of production to $1 per square inch are needed in order to make the potential applications protable. Methane can be dissociated into graphene in an annular, quartz, plug ow reactor at 1000°C under vacuum pressures of 90-460 mtorr. Acetylene is formed and adsorbs onto the copper surface. Surface reactions of copper carbide leads to the formation of graphene. Acetylene dissociation is autocatalytic. The effectiveness factor expression is derived for an annular plug ow reactor (APFR) in order to gauge the competing effects of diffusion and reaction. The Hummers’ procedure is used for the reduction of single-layer graphene oxide and the deposition of carbon on the catalytic surface. Precise dosage of carbon atoms are introduced into polycrystalline nickel lms using the ion implantation method. Graphene can be made by the reduction of ethanol by a method similar to the Wolf-Kishner process. Crystallization from eutectic and transfer and etching can be a route to
graphene. A chemical-thermal method for unzipping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into single-layer graphene was developed. Alternating layers of graphene and graphane with nanoribbon morphology was patented. The electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide lm onto an indium tin oxide substrate was demonstrated using a three-electrode system. CNTs can be a better starting material compared with graphene nanoplatelets. Prepressurization, intercalation, and exfoliation of graphene nanoakes can lead to the formation of graphene single layer sheets. The time taken to reach steady state for a 1-µm ake is 22.2 µs, taking into account the acceleration effects. A number of different starting materials have been used for the manufacture of graphene. Coal tar pitch, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and lawn grass are examples of starting materials used. The shape of the catalyst may have a larger role in the morphology of graphene nanosheet formation. Graphene nanosheets can be transferred to different substrates such as copper, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, and rhodium.
