In the spring of 1951, Lowell Mellen and his associates from TWI, Inc. began teaching Training Within Industry (TWI) classes in Japan under contract with the U.S. military occupation. Mellen had been a district representative of the TWI Service during the war in Cleveland, and he formed TWI, Inc. in order to continue implementing the program when the service disbanded in September 1945 at the end of WWII. After successfully planting the three original J programs in Japan, TWI, Inc. was asked by the Japanese government in 1955 if they could teach supervisors how to solve workplace problems, and building on the success TWI was enjoying in Japan to that point, they then developed a new TWI program called Problem Solving training.