ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the aim and the basic principles of the pupil assessment. It provides information on clinical application that is utilized for the pupil assessment. The chapter explains how three pupillary light reflexes: the direct response, the consensual (afferent) response, and the relative afferent response are observed. It provides two equipment lists such as bright spot illumination and near target, for the pupil assessment. The chapter presents the instructions on the techniques of clinical examinations and methods of undertaking practical procedures. A bullet-pointed, step-by-step walk-through of the key steps for the skill, with specific pearls, are also presented. Pupil size is controlled by the muscles of the iris: the sphincter pupillae (circumferential fibres) and the dilator pupillae (radial fibres). There are two types of pupillary reflex that are of interest: the light reflex and the near reflex.
