ABSTRACT
Abstract ................................................................................................. 351 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 351 4.2 The Crystal Model of Rigid Spheres............................................ 353 4.2.1 Spatial Ordering of Identical Spheres .............................. 353 4.2.2 Spatial Crystal Stability by the Model of
Identical Spheres .............................................................. 365 4.2.3 The Crystalline Constitutive Particles’ Dimension .......... 368 4.2.4 The Crystalline Paradigm for the Genetic Code .............. 369 4.3 Crystalline Substances: Typical Networks ................................... 375 4.3.1 Systematics of Crystalline Structure ................................ 375 4.3.2 Crystals’ Stoichiometry .................................................... 386 4.3.3 Unary Crystalline Substances .......................................... 388 4.3.4 Crystalline Compounds with AB Stoichiometry .............. 392 4.3.4.1 CsCl Crystalline Structure ................................ 394 4.3.4.2 NaCl Crystalline Structure ................................ 395 4.3.4.3 ZnS (Sphalerite/Blende) Cubic Structure Type .. 397 4.3.5 Type Structures of the AB2 Stoichiometric
Compounds ....................................................................... 399 4.3.5.1 CaF2 (Fluorite) Type Structure .......................... 400 4.3.5.2 TiO2 (Rutile) Type Structure ............................. 401 4.3.5.3 Cu2O (Cuprite) Type Structure.......................... 403 4.3.5.4 SiO2 (b-Cristo-balite) Structural Type .............. 405
4.3.6 Crystalline Structures with AB3 Stoichiometry ................ 406 4.3.6.1 ReO3 Type Structure ......................................... 406 4.3.6.2 BiLi3 Type Crystalline Structure ....................... 407 4.3.7 Polyatomic Complex Ions’ Structures ............................. 408 4.3.7.1 The Perovskit Type ........................................... 409 4.3.7.2 The Spinel Type ................................................ 412 4.3.8 Silicates Crystalline Structures ........................................ 414 4.3.8.1 Silicates’ Classification ..................................... 414 4.3.8.2 Nesosilicates and Sorosilicates ......................... 416 4.3.8.3 Cyclosilicates .................................................... 417 4.3.8.4 Inosilicates ........................................................ 417 4.3.8.5 Phyllosilicates ................................................... 418 4.3.8.6 Tectosilicates ..................................................... 421 4.3.8.7 Borates .............................................................. 424 4.4 The Solid and Crystal Structure by Chemical Bonding ............... 425 4.4.1 The Chemical Bond in Solids ........................................... 425 4.4.1.1 The Ionic Compounds. The Formal
Ions’ Paradigm ................................................. 425 4.4.1.2 The Atomic Solid Compounds .......................... 433 4.4.1.3 The Metallic Compounds .................................. 436 4.4.1.4 Molecular Solids’ Compounds .......................... 439 4.4.1.5 Relations between Chemical Bonds:
The Heterodesmic Lattices ............................... 443 4.4.2 Pauling Rationalization for the
Complex Ions’ Bonding ................................................... 452 4.4.3 The Potential Functions’ Paradigm of the
Chemical Bonding ............................................................ 461 4.4.4 Polarization in Crystals .................................................... 476 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................... 484 Keywords .............................................................................................. 486 References ............................................................................................. 487 Author’s Main References ........................................................... 487 Specific References ...................................................................... 487
ABSTRACT
Summarizing the experimental results accumulated, V.M. Goldschmidt stated fundamental law of crystal chemistry that meets certain factors which determine the forming of a certain crystalline structure from a set of particles. Under this law, a crystal structure is determined by the number and size of particles in the elementary cell, by their nature and by the nature of chemical bonds that are established between them. The present chapter is so devoted to systematic study of this law, thus developing the crystal chemistry.
