ABSTRACT
Chemical bonds are the major force holding atoms together within a molecule. Chemical bonds have a specific inter-atomic distance and maintain specific angles relative to each other. The generalized ester bond formed by such a group with another hydroxylic group OH of the alcoholic properties is referred to as glycosidic bond. Covalent bonds arise in pairs of neutral atoms such as two hydrogens or two carbon atoms. Ionic bonding involves ions of opposite charges, which form a bound state as a result of the Coulomb interaction between them. The side chains exhibit a wide chemical variety and can be grouped into three categories: non-polar, uncharged polar, and charged polar. Electrophoresis separates molecules according to their charge:size ratio. Interactions between biomolecules take place often via H-bonds that are very important in biological systems due to the abundance of water in the cell. Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in the living cells, present in their membranes, cytosol, cell organelles and chromosomes.
