ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr DNA Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, lymphoma
Human herpes virus-8 DNA Kaposi’s sarcoma Human T-cell leukaemia RNA T-lymphoblastic leukaemia Hepatitis B DNA Hepatocellular carcinoma Human papilloma DNA Cervical, anal carcinoma
4. a. Symptoms of hyperkalaemia can be quite non-specic and include malaise and weakness. ere may be mild hyperventilation in response to a metabolic acidosis. Ultimately, the patient may develop a cardiac arrhythmia and die. Hyperkalaemia causes the cardiac cell membranes to become hyperpolarized, which leads to decreased cardiac excitability and then in turn hypotension, bradycardia and asytole. Causes include renal insuciency, medications (such as angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors and non-steroidal
C h
ap ter10PR
A C
T IC
EPA PER
:A N
SW ER
S
anti-inammatory drugs [NSAIDs]), mineralocorticoid deciency, rhabdomyolysis and massive blood transfusions. e electrocardiogram (ECG) changes are reduced P waves, broadening of the QRS complex, sinusoidal ST segment and peaked T waves. If these changes occur, or the plasma level is >7.0 mmol/L, emergency treatment should be started. is includes continuous cardiac monitoring, stopping any causative infusions, calcium gluconate, an insulin/ dextrose infusion, salbutamol nebulizer and ultimately haemodialysis.
