ABSTRACT
Excessive settlements of shallow foundations cause distress in the superstructure. This means methods of estimating settlements are needed. Settlements depend on the unit load at the base of the foundation, the foundation size, its embedment into the soil, and the soil stiffness. Settlement can be immediate or can take time to occur. Settlement of foundations in sands tends to be immediate, but, in clays, it can take considerable time to develop. Various methods to estimate settlement are covered.
