ABSTRACT
Plants have struggled throughout their long evolutionary history to defend themselves from ever-evolving pathogens and viruses, which dramatically limit plant drastically and productivity. Several plant diseases have a significant effect on agricultural productivity and quality, thus affecting global food security. To meet this problem, genetic enhancement of plant disease resistance is essential for sustained agricultural output, which traditional breeding is unable to provide. Fortunately, gene-editing methods namely clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) have revolutionized crop development by providing robust and precise targeted genome alterations. It paves the way for new techniques of genetically improving plant disease resistance and speed resistance breeding. Plants are vulnerable to phytopathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which inflict massive financial losses (both before and after harvest) and endanger global food safety. The development of pathogen-resistant plants has been made possible by advances in high-throughput microarray technology and our modern thinking of molecular plant-microbe interactions. In this frame of reference, the genome-editing (GE) technique has been revolutionized by CRISPR. Here, we’ve outlined the intricacies of the plant immune system and how CRISPR-Cas9 may be used to alter the plant immune system perpetually enhancing resistance to phytopathogens. These methods have developed plants with excellent agricultural yields, escalated to biotic and abiotic challenges, and the ability to find new traits. It is difficult to modify all of the genes or genomes using a specific genome-editing tool because of the complicated genomic architecture. Because of this, some genome-editing tools have been created to enable effective genome editing and help overcome this difficult challenge. Pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRs), transcription activator-like effecter nucleases (TALENs), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), homologous recombination (HR), the CRISPR-Cas9 system, RNA interference (RNAi), cis genesis and intra genesis are a few of the main tools for genome editing that used to modify plant genomes.
