ABSTRACT
The design of efficient and effective networking protocols for different network services is an important area in computer science. All network applications accept a host address given either as a domain name or as an IP address. A digital certificate is often issued for a certain specific purpose and is installed in applications that use it for that particular security purpose. SSL/TLS provides secure communication between client and server by allowing mutual authentication, the use of digital signatures for integrity, and data encryption for confidentiality. There of course are many other networking protocols including Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) for email, FTP/SFTP for file transfer, SSH for secure shell, and DHCP for dynamic host configuration, and many others. The Internet is wonderful and used by everyone globally all the time. Computational thinkers must realize that paying attention to interfaces with machines, programs, organizations, or other people is important.
