ABSTRACT
Surgical approaches to the dental root surface or periapical region can be used to overcome difficulties or therapeutic failures with orthograde root filling techniques.
Apicectomy and retrograde root filling
Indications for surgery
1. Failed conventional endodontics. Underfilled or overfilled root canal, root perforation laterally or apically, and undiagnosed or unfilled canals all constitute indications for surgery. Endodontic instrument fracture in the root canal may require apicectomy.
