ABSTRACT
Over the last 10 years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of patients undergoing instrumented spinal fusion. Of these, pedicle screw fixation has become standard. The consequences of mis-directing screws are well documented and have lead to increased interest for more accurate placement methods. The use of image guidance can increase the safety and reliability of lumbar pedicle screw placement. It is especially useful where normal anatomical landmarks have been lost.
