FACIAL SCARS

Lupus erythematosus – discoid lupus erythematosus Rook p.2444-2449, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 269:1155-1161, 1963; lupus profundus Acta DV 80:373-375, 2000; discoid lupus with annular atrophic plaques of face, neck, behind ears AD 112:1143-1145, 1976; lupus profundus Mixed connective tissue disease

Acneform – drug-induced acne Naproxen – photosensitivity in children leading to linear scars from minor trauma J Pediatr 125:819-822, 1994

Actinomycosis, cervicofacial – nodule of cheek or submaxillary area; board-like induration; multiple sinuses with puckered scarring; sulfur granules discharged Cutis 60:191-193, 1997; Arch Int Med 135:1562-1568, 1975 Anthrax Ped Derm 19:36-38, 2002 Botryomycosis – granulomatous reaction to bacteria with granule formation; single or multiple abscesses of skin and subcutaneous tissue break down to yield multiple sinus tracts; small papule; heals with atrophic scars; extremities, perianal sinus tracts, face Int J Dermatol 22:455-459, 1983; AD 115:609-610, 1979 Brown recluse spider bite Cowpox Br J Plast Surg 3:348-350, 2000 Cryptococcosis – mimicking a keloid Dermatology 202:78-79, 2001 Herpes simplex; intrauterine infection Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.202, 2001; J Pediatr 110:97-101, 1987; recurrent herpes simplex infection Herpes zoster Tyring p.129, 2002 Leishmaniasis – chronic lupoid leishmaniasis AD 132:198-202, 1996 Rhinoscleroma Smallpox (variola) Int J Epidemiol 9:335-340, 1980 Sycosis barbae – deep staphylococcal folliculitis Dermatol Wochenschr 152:153-167, 1966 Syphilis, congenital – linear scar Actas Dermosifiliogr 56:203-206, 1965 (Spanish); tertiary nodular syphilide with central scarring Rook p.1250-1251, 1998, Sixth Edition Varicella Br J Plast Surg 26:344-345, 1973

Edematous scarring vasculitic panniculitis – hydroa vacciniforme-like lesions with vesicles, deep ulcers, varicelliform scars JAAD 32:37-44, 1995 Hidradenitis suppurativa Pyoderma gangrenosum BMJ 316:52-53, 1998 Sarcoid – scar sarcoidosis in pseudofolliculitis barbae Mil Med 156:369-371, 1991

Porphyria – congenital erythropoietic porphyria – scarring mutilation of nasal tip, ears, eyelids, and facial scarring AD 128:1243-1248, 1992; erythropoietic protoporphyria – linear facial scars; porphyria cutanea tarda Ped Derm 45:320-324, 1987; JAAD 27:896-900, 1992; familial porphyria cutanea tarda; variegate porphyria Rook p.2586-2587, 1998, Sixth Edition

Basal cell carcinoma – keloidal basal cell carcinoma BJD 134:953-957, 1996 Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma – scar-like appearance Keloids Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:397-400, 1997 Multiple keratoacanthomas Lymphoma – angiocentric cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of childhood (hydroa-like lymphoma) of Latin America and Asia BJD 140:715-721, 1999; JAAD 38:574-579, 1998 Melanoma, desmoplastic Porokeratosis – destructive facial porokeratosis JAAD 33:1049-1050, 1995

Actinic prurigo (polymorphic light eruption of Native Americans) – linear and pitted facial scars JAAD 44:952-956, 2001; Australas J Dermatol 42:192-195, 2001; Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 15:183-187, 1999; Int J Dermatol 34:380-384, 1995; JAAD 26:683-692, 1992; JAAD 5:183-190, 1981; Clin Exp Dermatol 2:365-372, 1977; familial, in North American Native Americans Int J Dermatol 10:107-114, 1971; in Caucasians BJD 144:194-196, 2001; occurrence in non-Indians JAAD 34:612-617, 1996; Southeast Asian Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 9:225-228, 1992 Hydroa vacciniforme BJD 144:874-877, 2001; BJD 144:874-877, 2001; Dermatology 189:428-429, 1994; JAAD 25:892-895, 1991; AD 114:1193-1196, 1978

Acne excoriée des jeunes filles Int J Derm 33:846-848, 1994; Clin Exp Dermatol 8:65-68, 1983 Acne necrotica varioliformis (necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis) AD 132:1367, 1370, 1996; JAAD 16:1007-1014, 1987 Acne, neonatal Acne vulgaris Anetoderma Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis – linear, varioliform scars BJD 153:821-824, 2005; Ped Derm 18:230-233, 2001; Acta DV 75:252, 1995; JAAD 30:837-840, 1994; JAAD 21:309, 1989; BJD 115:105-109, 1986; AD 64:59-61, 1951; J Cutan Dis 36:285-288, 1918 Atrophoderma vermiculata Cutis 59:337-340, 1997 Epidermolysis bullosa – dominant and recessive dystrophic Focal facial dermal dysplasia – scar-like depressions of face JAAD 27:575-582, 1992 Giant pore of Winer Keratosis pilaris rubra atrophicans facei Pili multigemini – along jawline; with inflammatory nodules; scars Rook p.2958, 1998, Sixth Edition Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta

Reactive perforating collagenosis Ulerythema oophryogenes

Delusions of parasitosis Factitial dermatitis – linear lesions and linear scars Rook p.2800-2802, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 1:391-407, 1979 Neurotic excoriations

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – carrier – X-linked recessive Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis Cutis 60:188-190, 1997 Dowling-Degos syndrome – pitted perioral scars AD 114:1150-1157, 1978 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome types I, II, and III – linear scars Rook p.2034, 1998, Sixth Edition Facial focal dermal dysplasias BJD 135:607-608, 1996

Autosomal dominant focal facial dermal dysplasia without other facial anomalies – oval symmetrical scarred areas on temples, cheeks, rim of fine lanugo hairs BJD 84:410-416, 1971 Autosomal recessive focal facial dermal dysplasia without other facial anomalies JAAD 27:575-58, 1992 Focal facial dermal dysplasia with other facial anomalies (Setleis syndrome) – leonine aged facies with absent eyelashes, eyebrows, puckered periorbital skin, scar-like defects of temples Clin Dysmorph 5:249-253, 1996; JAAD 27:575-582, 1992; AD 110:615-618, 1974

Goltz’s syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) – icepick facial scars NY State Dent J 67:30-32, 2001 Haber’s syndrome JAAD 40:462-467, 1999 Lipoid proteinosis – crusted red papules of face heal with scarring Ped Derm 22:266-267, 2005; BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; JAAD 39:149-171, 1998; Arch Pathol Anat 273:286-319, 1929 Reticulolinear aplasia cutis congenita of the face and neck – Xp deletion syndrome, MIDAS (microphthalmia, dermal aplasia, sclerocornea), MLS (microphthalmia and linear skin defects), and Gazali-Temple syndrome; lethal in males; residual facial scarring in females, short stature, organ malformations BJD 138:1046-1052, 1998 Tricho-odonto-onychial ectodermal dysplasia – perioral atrophic scars AD 122:1047-1053, 1986 Xeroderma pigmentosum

TOXINS Dioxin – varioliform scarring due to dioxin exposure JAAD 19:812-819, 1988

TRAUMA Bites – animal and human Burns – thermal, electrical Facial scarification and tattoing Cutis 60:197-198, 1997 Laser therapy Mechanical trauma Radiation dermatitis Trapshooter’s marks

VASCULITIS Granulomatous vasculitis in rheumatoid disease – facial rash with scarring Ann Rheum Dis 45:75-77, 1986

Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid AD 131:580-585, 1995 Chronic granulomatous disease – including perioral ulcers AD 103:351-357, 1971 Cicatricial pemphigoid of childhood Lupus erythematosus – discoid lupus erythematosus JAAD 48:S89-91, 2003; lupus profundus Lupus 10:514-516, 2001 Pemphigus vulgaris – facial erosions Rook p.1856-1857, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 110:862-865, 1974 Scleroderma – CREST syndrome

Reticulolinear aplasia cutis congenita of the face and neck – syndromes linked to Xp22 BJD 138:1046-1052, 1998

Trigeminal trophic syndrome (Wallenberg’s syndrome) – diabetes mellitus, posterior inferior cerebellar artery stroke, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, sickle cell disease, vasculitis, demyelinating disease, syringobulbia, idiopathic AD 141:796-798, 2005; Cancer 70:877-881, 1992; Oral Surg 69:153-156, 1990; ulcer of nose AD 141:897-902, 2005; Mayo Clin Proc 72:543-545, 1997

Cocaine abuse – Cutis 65:73-76, 2000; mimicking midline granuloma Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 255:446-447, 1998; JAAD 32:286-287, 1995 Nasal alloplastic implant – infection and extrusion – nasal tip ulceration JAAD 44:362-364, 2001 Silicone injection, subcutaneous JAAD 34:849-852, 1996

Acanthamoeba in AIDS JAAD 42:351-354, 2000; AD 131:1291-1296, 1995; JAAD 26:352-355, 1992 AIDS – facial eschar Anthrax – eschar of the fingers, face, or neck Cutis 67:488-492, 2001; Ped Derm 18:456-457, 2001; Clin Inf Dis 19:1009-1014, 1994; Cutis 48:113-114, 1991; Cutis 40:117-118, 1987 Aspergillosis Bejel – destructive midline lesions of face Ghatan p.58, 2002, Second Edition Blastomycosis Clin Inf Dis 33:1706,1770-1771, 2001 Chancriform pyoderma (Staphylococcus aureus) – ulcer with indurated base; eyelid, near mouth, genital AD 87:736-739, 1963 Coccidioidomycosis SMJ 77:1464-1465, 1984 Cowpox Br J Plast Surg 53:348-350, 2000 Cryptococcosis Cytomegalovirus Tyring p.186, 2002

Dental sinus Ecthyma gangrenosum JAAD 29:104-116, 1993; AD 126:529,532, 1990; Am J Med 80:729-734, 1986 Frontal sinusitis with forehead abscess Fusarium solanae, disseminated; of sinuses; eschar of bridge of nose JAAD 47:659-666, 2002 Glanders – Pseudomonas mallei – cellulitis which ulcerates with purulent foul-smelling discharge, regional lymphatics become abscesses; nasal and palatal necrosis and destruction; metastatic papules, pustules, bullae over joints and face, then ulcerate; deep abscesses with sinus tracts occur; polyarthritis, meningitis, pneumonia Rook p.1146-1147, 1998, Sixth Edition Herpes simplex, chronic; eczema herpeticum Herpes zoster Histoplasmosis in AIDS or with Hyper-IgM syndrome Tyring p.341, 2002; BJD 133:472-474, 1995; Ped Derm 12:235-238, 1995 Impetigo Leishmaniasis, desert sore (veldt sore) Int J Derm 33:260-265, 1994 Leprosy Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 59:479-480, 1991 Mucormycosis Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.169, 1999; AD 133:249-251, 1997 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – tuberculous chancre – facial ulcer; ragged undermined ulcer with granular hemorrhagic base; face; paronychia; surrounded by lupoid nodules; traumatic wounds, surgical wounds Rev Bras Oftel 23:183-192, 1964; mouth to mouth respiration NEJM 273:1035-1036, 1965; tuberculous abscess; ulcer of the nose Ann DV 110:731-732, 1983; lupus vulgaris – destructive midline lesion of face Ghatan p.58, 2002, Second Edition Myiasis – destructive midline lesions of face Ghatan p.58, 2002, Second Edition Nasopharyngeal mutilation Necrotizing fasciitis – destructive midline lesions of face Ghatan p.58, 2002, Second Edition Noma (cancrum oris) – Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella intermedium Am J Trop Med Hyg 60:150-156, 1999; Cutis 39:501-502, 1987; J Maxillofac Surg 7:293-298, 1979 Paracoccidioidomycosis (disseminated) (South American blastomycosis) in AIDS JAAD 20:854-855, 1989; destructive midline lesions of face Pseudomonas sepsis, including noma neonatorum (Pseudomonas of oronasal area and eyelids in infants) Lancet 2:289-291, 1978 Rhinoscleroma – destructive midline lesions of face Ghatan p.59, 2002, Second Edition Rhinosporidiosis – destructive midline lesions of face Sporotrichosis Cutis 69:439-442, 2002; in AIDS JAAD 21:1145-1147, 1987 Syphilis, primary, secondary – noduloulcerative AD 113:1027-1032, 1997; Clin Inf Dis 25:1343, 1447, 1997; tertiary AD 123:1707-1712, 1987; gumma Rook p.1251, 1998, Sixth Edition Yaws – destructive midline lesions of face Ghatan p.59, 2002, Second Edition Zygomycosis (phycomycosis) – destructive midline lesions of face Ghatan p.58, 2002, Second Edition

Eosinophilic ulcer Erythema multiforme, minor, major (Stevens-Johnson syndrome)

Lethal midline granuloma – tip of nose ulcer (Stewart type) AD 118:52-4, 1982 Malignant pyoderma of the head and neck AD 123:371-375, 1987; JAAD 15:1051-1052, 1986 Pyoderma gangrenosum Cutis 69:427-430, 2002; Br J Plast Surg 53:441-443, 2000; JAAD 18:559-568, 1988 Sarcoidosis AD 133:215-219, 1997 Superficial granulomatous pyoderma JAAD 48:456-460, 2003

Cryoglobulinemia JAAD 25:21-27, 1991 Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum – ulcerated facial plaque AD 130:1433-1436, 1994; Acta DV 58:276-277, 1978 Pellagra – facial crusting JAAD 21:1-30, 1989 Porphyria cutanea tarda with calcinosis cutis

Basal cell carcinoma Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999, p.27; Rook p.1681-1683, 1998, Sixth Edition; Acta Pathol Mibrobiol Scand 88A:5-9, 1980 Intranasal carcinoma Lymphoma – including angiocentric CTCL of childhood (hydroa-like lymphoma) of Latin America and Asia JAAD 38:574-579, 1998; lymphomatoid granulomatosis JAAD 23:334-337, 1990; lethal midline granuloma; subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma BJD 148:516-525, 2003; pyogenic lymphoma – primary cutaneous neutrophil-rich CD30 + anaplastic large-cell lymphoma BJD 148:580-586, 2003 Lymphomatoid papulosis Melanoma Semin Oncol 2:5-118, 1975 Metastasis – oral squamous cell carcinoma spreading onto face JAAD 22:19-26, 1990 Merkel cell tumor Squamous cell carcinoma Derm Surg 28:268-273, 2002

Necrotbiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia Bolognia, p.1439, 2003

Acne excoriée des jeunes filles Int J Derm 33:846-848, 1994; Clin Exp Dermatol 8:65-68, 1983 Acne fulminans AD 121:91-93, 1985 Acute parapsoriasis Ectodermal dysplasia Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional – facial erosions – JAAD 17:246-50, 1987 Kyrle’s disease

Delusions of parasitosis Hautarzt 39:675-676, 1988 Factitial dermatitis JAAD 40:802-804, 1999; paraoral ulcers Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 64:259-263, 1987 Neurotic excoriations

Hereditary sensory neuropathy – five types Ped Derm 11:231-236, 1994

Congenital indifference to pain Congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis Congenital sensory radicular neuropathy Familial dysautonomia Hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy

Amniotic band syndrome Ectodermal dysplasias with mid-facial clefting JAAD 27:249-256, 1992

AEC syndrome EEC syndrome Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor disease, tarsomegaly) Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome (Shabbir’s syndrome, LOGIC syndrome) – facial ulcers, hoarseness, nail dystrophy Clin Dysmorphol 1:3-15, 1992; Biomedica 2:15-25, 1986 Prader-Willi syndrome Wallenberg’s syndrome (trigeminal trophic syndrome) – occlusions of posterior inferior cerebellar artery; ulcer of ala nasi which expands to involve cheek and upper lip Mayo Clin Proc 72:543-545, 1997; Clin Exp Dermatol 10:485-490, 1985

Bullet entry/exit wound Coma bullae Post-surgical Radiation necrosis

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa Wegener’s granulomatosis AD 136:171-172, 2000; Cutis 64:183-186, 1999; Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.167, 1999

FIBROMATOSES OF CHILDREN AD 138:1245-1250, 2002; Ped Derm 8:306-309, 1991; AD 122:89-94, 1986; JAAD 10:365-371, 1984

Fibrous tumors of infants Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma Digital fibromatosis Fibromatosis colli Fibrous hamartoma of infancy Hyaline fibromatosis Infantile myofibromatosis AD 134:625-630, 1998 Intravascular fasciitis

Congenital generalized fibromatosis Congenital multiple fibromatosis Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis

Aggressive infantile fibromatosis Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma Congenital solitary fibromatosis Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – in infants and children J Cutan Pathol 18:241-246, 1991 Diffuse infantile fibromatosis Digital fibromatosis (recurrent infantile digital fibromatosis) Fibromatosis colli Fibrous hamartoma of infancy Infantile desmoid-type fibromatosis Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis Ped Derm 6:68-75, 1989 Infantile myofibromatosis – solitary or multicentric Infantile digital fibromatosis Ped Derm 8:137-139, 1991 Intravascular fasciitis

Abdominal and extra-abdominal desmoid Aggressive polyfibromatosis Australas J Dermatol 37:205-207, 1996 Aponeurotic fibromatosis Atypical cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma Am J Dermatopathol 8:467-471, 1986 Atypical fibroxanthoma Cancer 15:368-376, 1986; Cutis 51:47-48, 1993 Atypical polypoid dermatofibroma JAAD 24:561-565, 1991 Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome – dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata AD 118:44-46, 1982 Cowden’s disease – multiple sclerotic fibromas of the skin J Cutan Pathol 19:346-351, 1992 Cutaneous sclerotic fibroma Am J Dermatopathol 21:571-574, 1999 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Dermatomyofibroma J Cutan Pathol 19:85-93, 1992 Desmoplastic fibroblastoma J Cutan Pathol 25:450-454, 1998 Desmoplastic melanoma AD 111:753-754, 1975 Fibromyxoma J Cutan Pathol 7:335-341, 1980 Hyaline fibromatosis Myxoid fibroblastoma Am J Dermatopathol 14:536-541, 1992 Solitary cutaneous myofibromas J Cutan Pathol 23:437-444, 1996 Palmo-plantar fibromatosis (Dupuytren’s contracture) Penile (Peyronie’s disease) Pleomorphic sclerotic fibroma Dermatology 198:69-72, 1999

FIGURATE ERYTHEMAS Bullous pemphigoid Clin Exp Derm 24:446-448, 1999; BJD 117:385-388, 1987; Clin Exp Derm 7:401-406, 1982 Erythema annulare centrifugum Arch Int Med 144:2090-2092, 1984 Erythema chronicum migrans Erythema gyratum repens Cutis 34:351-353, 355, 1984 Erythema gyratum repens-like psoriasis Int J Derm 39:695-697, 2000 Erythema marginatum

Familial annular erythema Glucagonoma syndrome Infantile epidermodysplastic erythema gyratum AD 120:1601-1603, 1984 Keratolytic winter erythema Leprosy – macular lepromatous AD 113:1027-1032, 1997 Lupus erythematosus – subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Lymphoma – panniculitis-like B-cell lymphoma Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy Am J Dermatopathol 19:403-406, 1997 Persistent annular erythema of infancy Ped Derm 10:46-48, 1993 Pityriasis rubra pilaris Psoriasis Tinea corporis Tinea imbricata

Allergic contact dermatitis – occupational (chromate), medications, latex, tulip or garlic fingers (hyperkeratotic dermatitis with fissures and subungual hyperkeratosis) Cutis 67:328-330, 2001; vesicular fingertip dermatitis from food proteins in milkers, veterinarians Contact Dermatitis 6:27-29, 1980, slaughterhouse workers Contact Dermatitis 21:221-224, 1989; chefs and sandwich makers Contact Dermatitis 2:28-42, 1976s; acrylic fingernails (‘tips’) Chronic granulomatous disease – chilblains JAAD 36:899-907, 1997; X-linked chronic granulomatous disease – photosensitivity, chilblain lupus of fingertips and toes Ped Derm 3:376-379, 1986 Dermatomyositis Lupus erythematosus – systemic, discoid; chilblain lupus – fingers, toes, elbows, knees, calves, knuckles, nose, ears BJD 143:1050-1054, 2000; Lupus 6:122-131, 1997; BJD 98:497-506, 1978 Rheumatoid vasculitis JAAD 17:355-359, 1987 Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) – CREST syndrome; acral pits; round fingerpad sign JAAD 24:67-69, 1991

Congenital insensitivity to pain Cutis 513:373-374, 1993

Acquired subungual exostoses – papule JAAD 26:295-298, 1992 Carpal tunnel syndrome – chilblain-like lesions with necrosis

Acral dysesthesia syndrome

Foreign body granuloma – digital papule; cactus spine (Opuntia cactus) granulomas Cutis 65:290-292, 2000; sea urchin granulomas

Acute bacterial endocarditis Bacillary angiomatosis Blistering distal dactylitis JAAD 17:310-311, 1987 Cat scratch disease, inoculation papule Ped Derm 5:1-9, 1988; multiple leg papules Cutis 49:318-320, 1992 Erysipeloid – Erysipelothrix insidiosa (rhusiopathiae) – seal finger, blubber finger AD 130:1311-1316, 1994; Clin Microbiol Rev 2:354-359, 1989; JAAD 9:116-123, 1983 Felon Hand Clin 14:547-555, 1998 Fusarium solanae – digital cellulitis Rook p.1375, 1998, Sixth Edition Gonococcemia Herpes simplex virus – paronychia (herpetic whitlow); chronic HSV of HIV disease Lepromatous leprosy Milker’s nodules JAAD 49:910-911, 2003; Tyring p.57, 2002; digital papule Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition Orf AD 126:235-240, 1990 Osler’s node (subacute bacterial endocarditis) – small, red papules on distal finger and toe pads Clin Inf Dis 32:63,149, 2001; NEJM 295:1500-1505, 1976 Osteomyelitis secondary to nail biting – fingertip swelling Ped Derm 7:189-90, 1990 Paronychia, acute or chronic Hand Clin 14:547-555, 1998 Rat bite fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever Septic emboli JAAD 47:S263-265, 2002 Sporotrichosis Caputo p.150, 2000 Syphilis – primary chancre; secondary Caputo p.146, 2000 Tularemia Tungiasis (Tunga penetrans) (toe-tip or subungual nodule) – crusted or ulcerated Caputo p.164, 2000; Acta Dermatovenerol (Stockh) 76:495, 1996; JAAD 20:941-944, 1989; AD 124:429-434, 1988 Verruca vulgaris Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001

Amyloidosis – primary systemic amyloidosis associated with myeloma BJD 147:602, 2002 Recurrent self-healing cutaneous mucinosis – red papules of palms and fingertips with pustules and vesicles BJD 143:650-652, 2000

Erythema multiforme Pyoderma gangrenosum JAAD 16:141-142, 1987; JAAD 18:1084-1088, 1988 Sarcoid – fingertip nodules JAAD 44:725-743, 2001; Rook p.2689, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 11:713-723, 1984; on palmar aspects of fingers AD 132:459-464, 1996; lupus pernio JAAD 16:534-540, 1987; BJD 112:315-322, 1985

Bullous dermatosis of hemodialysis JAAD 21:1049-1051, 1989 Calcinosis cutis – digital papules Cutis 66:465-467, 2000; CREST – acral pits; calcinosis cutis in children Cutis 66:465-467, 2000

Calcium oxalate Am J Kid Dis 25:492-497, 1995; secondary oxalosis – papules on palmar skin of fingers JAAD 31:368-372, 1994; oxalate granuloma – fingertip papule JAAD 22:316-318, 1990 Cryoglobulinemia Erythropoietic porphyria – mutilation of fingertips Gout – tophus – digital papule (s) Cutis 64:233-236, 1999; AD 134:499-504, 1998 Tyrosinemia type II – fingertip erosions Ped Derm 1:25-34, 1983 Xanthomas

Acquired digital fibrokeratoma – digital papule AD 124:1559-1564, 1988; JAAD 12:816-821, 1985 Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma – occur on fingers and toes Dermatol Surg 26:580-583, 2000; JAAD 23:331-334, 1990; aggressive digital papillary adenoma Cutis 69:179-182, 2002; AD 120:1612, 1984 Atrial myxoma – acral red papules with claudication JAAD 32:881-883, 1995; tender red fingertip papule JAAD 21:1080-1084, 1989 Chondroblastoma, subungual – toe tip Ped Derm 21:452-453, 2004 Clear cell syringofibroadenoma of Mascaro – subungual papule BJD 144:625-627, 2001 Digital fibrous tumor of childhood – toe nodule AD 131:1195, 1198, 1995 Digital myxoid cyst Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001 Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma – vascular nodule; macule, red plaque, acral nodule of infants or neonates; painful, red, purple, blue, yellow, brown, skin-colored JAAD 47:429-435, 2002; Ped Derm 13:139-142, 1996; JAAD 37:523-549, 1997 Enchondromas, subungual Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001; J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:898-900, 1997 Epidermoid cyst Epithelioid sarcoma JAAD 14:893-898, 1986 Exostosis, subungual Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001; JAAD 19:132, 1988 Fibroma, subungual Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001 Fibrokeratoma, periungual – resembles accessory fingernail Cutis 35:451-454, 1985 Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath – single or multiple BJD 147:403-405, 2002; JAAD 43:892, 2000; nodules of the fingers J Dermatol 23:290-292, 1996 Granular cell tumor – digital papule, paronychial nodule Cutis 35:355-356, 1985; Cutis 62:147-148, 1998 Kaposi’s sarcoma – digital papules JAAD 47:641-655, 2002 Leukemia cutis – digital papule; preleukemic state of monocytosis and neutropenia – perniotic lesions BJD 81:327-332, 1969; chronic myelomonocytic leukemia – chilblain-like lesions BJD 115:607-609, 1986; AD 121:1048-1052, 1985; chronic myelomonocytic leukemia – chilblain-like lesions JAAD 50:S42-44, 2004 Lymphoma – CTCL Melanocytic nevus Rook p.1722-1723, 1998, Sixth Edition Melanoma, subungual Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001 Metastasis Hosp Med 59:819, 1998; bronchogenic carcinoma resembling felon J Hand Surg 8:325-328, 1983 Myxoma JAAD 22:343-345, 1990 Osteosarcoma, subungual Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001

Recurrent infantile digital fibromatosis AD 138:1246-1251, 2002 Squamous cell carcinoma Caputo p.77, 2000; Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001; subungual squamous cell carcinoma JAAD 11:291-298, 1984

Erythema elevatum diutinum BJD 143:415-420, 2000 Granuloma annulare JAAD 3:217-230, 1980 Juvenile plantar dermatosis – toe tips Clin Exp Dermatol 11:529-534, 1986; Semin Dermatol 1:67-75, 1982; Clin Exp Dermatol 1:253-260, 1976 Lichen planus Lichen striatus Pustular psoriasis

Factitial dermatitis

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome Carney complex – non-blanching annular and serpiginous macules of digital pads JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 CHILD syndrome – fingertip nodules (verruciform xanthomas) JAAD 50:S31-33, 2004 Ectodermal dysplasia Familial multiple acral mucinous fibrokeratomas – verrucous papules of the fingers JAAD 38:999-1001, 1998 Fetal hydantoin syndrome – hypertrichosis, broad depressed nasal bridge, large lips, wide mouth, short webbed neck, short stature, hypoplastic distal phalanges JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) Rook p.2091, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med 82:989-997, 1987 HOPP syndrome – hypotrichosis, striate, reticulated pitted palmoplantar keratoderma, acro-osteolysis, psoriasiform plaques, lingua plicata, onychogryphosis, ventricular arrhythmias, periodontitis BJD 150:1032-1033, 2004; BJD 147:575-581, 2002 Hypereosinophilic syndrome – digital ulcers Semin Dermatol 14:122-128, 1995 Incontinentia pigmenti – painful subungual keratotic tumors JAAD 13:913-918, 1985 Infantile digital fibromatosis JAAD 49:974-975, 2003 Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis – pearly white papules of face and neck; larger papules and nodules around nose, behind ears, on fingertips, knuckle pads; multiple subcutaneous nodules of scalp, trunk, and extremities, papillomatous perianal papules; joint contractures, skeletal lesions, gingival hyperplasia, stunted growth Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.444-445, 2001; Caputo p.54, 2000; AD 121:1062-1063, 1985; AD 107:574-579, 1973 Laband syndrome (hereditary gingival fibromatosis) – soft, large floppy ears; bulbous soft nose, gingival fibromatosis; absent nails; atrophic distal phalanges, hyperextensible joints, hepatosplenomegaly, hypertrichosis, mental retardation Ped Derm 10:263-266, 1993; J Otol Pathol Med 19:385-387, 1990; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 17:339-351, 1964

Lipoid proteinosis – acral papules BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; digital papule AD 132:1239-1244, 1996 Maffucci’s syndrome – enchondromas, angiomas, cartilaginous nodules Rook p.2847, 1998, Sixth Edition; Dermatologic Clinics 13:73-78, 1995; JAAD 29:894-899, 1993 Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis – digital papules AD 140:919-921, 2004; JAAD 49:1125-1127, 2003; Rook p.2325-2326, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 126:251-252, 1990; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 65:721-725, 1988; Pathology 17:601-608, 1985; JAAD 11:713-723, 1984; AD 97:543-547, 1968 Neurofibromatosis – digital papule No fingerprint syndromes – Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome, X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome, AEC syndrome Jorgenson’s syndrome, Basan’s syndrome, dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis JAAD 50:782, 2004 Pachydermodactyly – benign fibromatosis of fingers of young men AD 129:247-248, 1993; JAAD 27:303-305, 1992; AD 111:524, 1975 Peutz-Jegher syndrome Proteus syndrome Ped Derm 5:14-21, 1988 Reiter’s syndrome Rowell’s syndrome – lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme-like syndrome – papules, annular targetoid lesions, vesicles, bullae, necrosis, ulceration, oral ulcers; perniotic lesions JAAD 21:374-377, 1989 Tuberous sclerosis – digital papules J Clin Neurol 7:221-224, 1992

Silica-associated systemic sclerosis BJD 123:725-734, 1990

Calluses Chilblains (perniosis) – tender, pruritic red or purple digital papules JAAD 45:924-929, 2001; Rook p.960-961, 1998, Sixth Edition; plantar nodule Ped Derm 15:97-102, 1998 Friction blister Guitarist’s fingers Harpists’ fingers – paronychia with calluses of the sides and tips of fingers with onycholysis and subungual hemorrhage Rook p.903, 1998, Sixth Edition Trauma – crush injuries Injury 29:447-450, 1998

Angiokeratoma of Mibelli – acral vascular papules Caputo p.61, 2000; JAAD 45:764-766, 2001 Arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease – acral livedo, cyanosis, necrosis Arteriovenous malformation, digital – red papule, subungual blue papule BJD 147:1007-1011, 2002; BJD 136:472-473, 1997 Cholesterol emboli AD 122:1194-1198, 1986 Emboli – atrial myxoma – acral papule BJD 147:379-382, 2002 Glomus tumor, subungual Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001; J Hand Surg 22:508-510, 1997 Hemangiomas Caputo p.58, 2000 Hypersensitivity vasculitis Microscopic polyarteritis – digital ulcer AD 128:1223-1228, 1992

Neonatal hemangiomatosis – digital papule Pigmented purpuric eruptions Polyarteritis nodosa – cutaneous infarcts presenting as tender nodules Rook p.2212, 1998, Sixth Edition Pyogenic granuloma Derm Surg 27:591-593, 2001 Recurrent cutaneous eosinophilic vasculitis – pruritic violaceous swelling of fingertips BJD 149:901-902, 2003 Wegener’s granulomatosis – digital ulcer

JAMA 255:2058, 1986; Am J Med 65:632, 1978 Biliary cirrhosis with arthritis Burns Diabetes mellitus Electrical injuries Epidermolysis bullosa Ergot toxicity Frostbite Gout Hyperparathyroidism Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Leprosy Lipodermatoarthritis Lipogranulomatosis, disseminated Lupus erythematosus, systemic Mixed connective tissue disease Mucopolysaccharidoses Neurogenic ulcerative acropathy Neuropathic arthritis Occlusive vascular disease Osteoarthritis Osteomalacia Polymyositis Porphyria cutanea tarda Progeria Psoriasis Pycnodysostosis Raynaud’s disease Reiter’s disease Rheumatoid arthritis Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Sézary syndrome Sjögren’s syndrome Syphilis Vinyl chloride toxicity Werner’s syndrome

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody syndrome – purpuric vasculitis, orogenital ulceration, fingertip necrosis, pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers BJD 134:924-928, 1996

Connective tissue disease – eosinophilic vasculitis in connective tissue diseases; digital microinfarcts JAAD 35:173-182, 1996 Hypersensitivity angiitis AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Lupus erythematosus – systemic; vasculitis with infarcts of fingertips JAAD 48:311-340, 2003; Rook p.2474, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAMA 181:366-374, 1962; toe tips Caputo p.33, 2000 Mixed connective tissue disease – vasculitis Rook p.2545, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med 52:148-159, 1972 Rheumatoid vasculitis – purpuric infarcts of paronychial areas and digital pads (Bywater’s lesions) JAAD 53:191-209, 2005; Rook p.2184, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 77:207-210, 1965; digital infarcts JAAD 48:311-340, 2003 Scleroderma, including CREST syndrome Rook p.2527-2529, 1998, Sixth Edition Sjögren’s syndrome Rook p.2572, 1998, Sixth Edition

Umbilical artery catheterization – acrocyanosis, necrosis, livedo reticularis Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology p.108,150, 2001

Beta blockers – acral finger/toe-tip arteritis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Bleomycin, intralesional treatment of warts; sclerodermatous changes of hands with digital gangrene Clin Rheumatol 18:422-424, 1999; JAAD 33:851-852, 1995; AD 107:553-555, 1973; Raynaud’s phenomenon Bleomycin, vincristine, and methotrexate BJD 134:378-379, 1996 Buprenorphine – intra-arterial injection AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Calcium channel blockers – acral finger/toe-tip arteritis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Cisplatin BJD 142:833-834, 2000 Coumarin necrosis Cyclosporine vasculopathy Ergotamine alkaloids – acral finger/toe-tip arteritis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Levophed – ischemic necrosis Oxymetazoline – intra-arterial injection AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Quinine sulfate Hautarzt 51:332-335, 2000 Vasculitis, drug-induced AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Vasoconstrictors (vasopressors) infusion

Cannabis arteritis – acral toe-tip necrosis BJD 152:166-169, 2005; Arch Mal Coeur 53:143-147, 1960 Radial or ulnar artery catherization Hand Surg 4:151-157, 1999 Mitten thread JAMA 248:924-925, 1982 Silica-associated systemic sclerosis BJD 123:725-734, 1990

Acute bacterial endocarditis Anthrax – eschar of the fingers, face, or neck Cutis 67:488-492, 2001; Clin Inf Dis 19:1009-1014, 1994; Cutis 48:113-114, 1991; Cutis 40:117-118, 1987 Aspergillosis – primary cutaneous JAAD 31:344-347, 1994

Cowpox Tyring p.52, 2002 Eikenella corrodens – felon with fingertip necrosis Diabetes Care 19:1011-1013, 1996 Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki ) – pink macules on sides of trunk, spreads centrifugally; flushed face with injected conjunctivae; then rash becomes deeper red, then purpuric; gangrene of finger, toes, genitalia, nose JAAD 2:359-373, 1980 Felon with fingertip necrosis Diabetes Care 19:1011-1013, 1996 Hepatitis C – with cryoglobulins; thrombotic vasculitis AD 131:1185-1193, 1995 Herpes simplex virus in AIDS HIV AD 131:357-358, 1995; polyarteritis nodosa-like lesions J Clin Inf Dis 23:659-661, 1996 Meningococcemia Curr Prob Dermatol 14:183-220, 2002 Mucormycosis Osteomyelitis Pasteurella canis due to dog bite JAAD 46:S151-152, 2002 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) – initially blanching pink macules, or morbilliform eruption of wrists and ankles; soon spreads to face, trunk, and extremities; palms and soles involved; becomes purpuric with acral gangrene JAAD 2:359-373, 1980 Septic emboli Snakebite – African puff adder J Emerg Med 15:827-831, 1997

Anti-thrombin III deficiency Calcinosis cutis – metastatic calcification; calciphylaxis JAAD 45:35-361, 2001; Arch Int Med 136:1273-1280, 1976 Cryofibrinogenemia Cryoglobulinemia Arthritis Rheum 42:1051-1955, 1999 Diabetes mellitus – micrangiopathy; neuropathic ulcers; pseudoainhum in diabetics Caputo p.189, 2000 Factor V Leiden deficiency, heterozygous BJD 143:1302-1305, 2000 Functionally abnormal plasminogen Hyperhomocysteinemia – distal cutaneous necrosis Ann DV 126:822-825, 1999 Hyperviscosity – acral finger/toe-tip necrosis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Oxalosis, primary – alanine glyoxalate aminotransferase deficiency JAAD 46:S16-18, 2002; AD 136:1272-1273, 2000; JAAD 22:952-956, 1990; AD 131:821-823, 1995 Polycythemia vera Protein C or S deficiency Thrombocythemia Leuk Lymphoma 22 Suppl 1:47-56, 1996 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia

Gamma heavy chain disease JAAD 23:988-990, 1990 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with gangrene JAAD 23:1169-1170, 1990; angiocentric lymphoma BJD 142:1013-1016, 2000 Metastatic carcinoma – gastric, breast lung, kidney, colon JAAD 27:117-118, 1992 Myeloid metaplasia Ann Surg 193:453-461, 1981 Polycythemia vera Thrombocythemia

Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome – acral cyanosis and gangrene JAAD 47:47-52, 2002; AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; Br Med J iii:208-212, 1967

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome – petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, splinter hemorrhages Semin Arthritis Rheum 31:127-132, 2001; JAAD 36:149-168, 1997; JAAD 36:970-982, 1997; BJD 120:419-429, 1989 Behçet’s disease with vasculitis JAAD 21:576-579, 1989 Carpal tunnel syndrome JAAD 29:287-290, 1993 Compartment syndrome – crush injury of thorax AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Hypereosinophilic syndrome – arterial occlusion BJD 144:1087-1090, 2001; BJD 143:641-644, 2000 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum – acral finger/toe-tip arteritis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Thoracic outlet obstruction AD 138:1296-1298, 2002

Alcoholic motor and sensory neuropathy

Blunt trauma – repetitive blunt trauma AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Carpal tunnel syndrome AD 120:517-519, 1984 Chilblains – with necrosis on fingers, toes, nose, and ears in patients with monocytic leukemia AD 121:1048,1052, 1985 Crush injury AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Crutch pressure arteritis Electric shock AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Frostbite Hypothenar hammer syndrome JAAD 34:880-883, 1996 Radial or ulnar artery cannulation AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; N Y State J Med 90:375-376, 1990 Vibration syndrome Arch Derm 121:1544-1547,1985

Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Arteriosclerosis – peripheral vascular disease AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; Rook p.2231, 1998, Sixth Edition Arteriovenous fistulae – vascular steal syndrome in hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistulae AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; Rook p.2731, 1998, Sixth Edition Atrial fibrillation with emboli Cardiogenic shock Churg-Strauss disease BJD 150:598-600, 2004 DIC, purpura fulminans, symmetric peripheral gangrene Emboli – septic, cholesterol, fat, tumor, paradoxical, mural thrombus, atrial myxoma Caputo p.197, 2000 Erythromelalgia – associated with thrombocythemia – may affect one finger or toe; ischemic necrosis JAAD 22:107-111, 1990 Peripheral digital ischemia – thrombotic microangiopathy (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome) J Invest Med 50:201-206, 2002

Polyarteritis nodosa (systemic or cutaneous PAN) – digital infarction JAAD 48:311-340, 2003; Ann Rheum Dis 54:134-136, 1995; Cutis 46:53-55, 1990 Radial artery removal for coronary bypass grafting AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Raynaud’s phenomenon/disease J Rheumatol 19:1286-1288, 1992 Thoracic outlet syndrome Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) Rook p.2233, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med Sci 136:567-580, 1908 Thromboembolic phenomena – cardiac source, arterial source, aneurysm (subclavian or axillary arteries), infection, hypercoagulable state AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Ulnar artery occlusion Vascular trap syndrome – acral finger/toe-tip necrosis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Vasculitis – multiple types; acral finger/toe-tip necrosis BJD 152:166-169, 2005 Vasospasm from arterial puncture Venous gangrene Venous limb gangrene – during warfarin treatment of cancerassociated deep venous thrombosis; necrosis of of toes and foot; due to severe depletion of protein C and failure to reduce thrombin generation Ann Intern Med 135:589-593, 2001 Wegener’s granulomatosis AD 130:861-867, 1994

Hypersensitivity angiitis AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Rheumatoid vasculitis JAAD 17:355-359, 1987; Clin Rheumatol 2:3210330, 1983 Scleroderma J Hand Surg 9:320-327, 1984

Congenital insensitivity to pain Cutis 51:373-374, 1993

Alcoholic neuropathy Syringomyelia – fingertip ulcers with resorption of phalanges Rook p.2777, 1998, Sixth Edition

Buprenorphine – intra-arterial injection AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Diphenhydramine injected periungually JAAD 21:1318-1319, 1989 Ergotamine abuse Oxymetazoline – intra-arterial injection AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Vasculitis, drug-induced AD 138:1296-1298, 2002

Blistering distal dactylitis JAAD 14:310-311, 1987 Fusarium JAAD 47:659-666, 2002

Herpes simplex infection, chronic in HIV disease Leprosy Mycobacterium terrae – hyperkeratotic plaque and osteomyelitis following metal staple puncture BJD 152:727-734, 2005 Sporotrichosis – finger ulcer Cutis 69:371-374, 2002 Syphilis – primary chancre AD 141:1303-1310, 2005; Rook p.1244, 1998, Sixth Edition Tularemia – Francisella tularensis MMWR 51:181-184, 2002

Pyoderma gangrenosum JAAD 18:1084-1088, 1988; JAAD 16:141-142, 1987

Bullous dermatosis of hemodialysis JAAD 21:1049-1051, 1989 Calcinosis cutis – CREST/dystrophic/chronic renal failure J Rheumatol 20:1233-1235, 1993 Diabetic neuropathic ulcers Gamma heavy chain disease JAAD 23:988-990, 1990 Oxalate granuloma JAAD 22:316-318, 1990 Tyrosinemia type II – erosions Ped Derm 1:25-34, 1983

Acquired subungual exostoses JAAD 26:295-298, 1992 Basal cell carcinoma JAAD 23:318-319, 1990 Epithelioid sarcoma JAAD 14:893-898, 1986 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with gangrene JAAD 23:1169-1170, 1990; angiocentric lymphoma BJD 142:1013-1016, 2000 Metastatic gastric carcinoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma BJD 149:1091-1092, 2003 Myxoma JAAD 22:343-345, 1990 Polycythemia vera Squamous cell carcinoma – subungual Rook p.1689-1690, 1998, Sixth Edition; Dermatologica 150:186-190, 1975

Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome – acral cyanosis and gangrene JAAD 47:47-52, 2002; AD 138:1296-1298, 2002

Lichen planus, erosive JAAD 21:1076-1080, 1989

Behçet’s diseases with vasculitis JAAD 21:576-579, 1989 Carpal tunnel syndrome – acral ulcers and acro-osteolysis BJD 150:166-167, 2004; JAAD 29:284-290, 1993 Compartment syndrome – crush injury of thorax AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II – acral whitlows and ulcers of fingers with mutilation Rook p.2780, 1998, Sixth Edition Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with phospholipid excretion JAAD 21:736-739, 1989

Hypereosinophilic syndrome – jigital ulcers Semin Dermatol 14:122-128, 1995 Incontinentia pigmenti – painful subungual keratotoic tumors JAAD 13:913-918, 1985 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Thoracic outlet obstruction AD 138:1296-1298, 2002

Acute dioxin exposure JAAD 19:812-819, 1988

Blunt trauma – repetitive blunt trauma AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Crush injury AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Electric shock AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Hypothenar hammer syndrome AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Radial or ulnar artery cannulation AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; N Y State J Med 90:375-376, 1990 Vibratory tool overuse

Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Arteriosclerosis AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; Rook p.2231, 1998, Sixth Edition Arteriovenous fistulae – vascular steal syndrome in hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistulae AD 138:1296-1298, 2002; Rook p.2731, 1998, Sixth Edition Emboli – from cardiac myxomas BJD 147:379-382, 2002 Erythromelalgia – associated with thrombocythemia – may affect one finger or toe; ischemic necrosis JAAD 22:107-111, 1990 Essential thrombocythemia JAAD 24:59-63, 1991 Histiocytoid hemangioma JAAD 21:404-409, 1989 Hypersensitivity vasculitis Microscopic polyarteritis nodosa AD 128:1223-1228, 1992 Polyarteritis nodosa Radial artery removal for coronary bypass grafting AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Raynaud’s disease/phenomenon Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) Rook p.2233, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med Sci 136:567-580, 1908 Thromboembolic phenomena – cardiac source, arterial source, aneurysm (subclavian or axillary arteries), infection, hypercoagulable state AD 138:1296-1298, 2002 Wegener’s granulomatosis Cutis 32:41-51, 1993

Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry’s disease (α-galactosidase A)) – X-linked recessive; autonomic flushing of the extremities Rook p.2638, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 276:1163-1167, 1967 Auriculotemporal flushing (von Frey’s syndrome) Ped Derm 17:126-128, 2000; Ann Plast Surg 29:217-222, 1992

Blushing (physiologic flushing) – emotional Central nervous system lesions

Autonomic hyperreflexia – spinal cord lesions Ciliary neuralgia (cluster headaches) – unilateral periorbital headache with lacrimation and conjunctival injection with unilateral flushing of the face Rook p.2782, 1998, Sixth Edition Destruction of the Gasserian ganglion J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46:611-616, 1983 Diencephalic autonomic epilepsy Horner’s syndrome, including congenital Horner’s syndrome – unilateral facial flushing J Neurol Neurosurg Psiachiatry 53:85-86 Hypertensive diencephalic syndrome – hyperhidrosis and blotchy erythema of face and neck with salivation, tachycardia, and sustained hypertension Rook p.2782, 1998, Sixth Edition; Rook p.2782, 1998, Sixth Edition Organic psychosis Ann Intern Med 98:30-34, 1983 Lesions of pons, medulla, cortex Tumors compressing the third ventricle Increased intracranial pressure J Neurosurg 92:1040-1044, 2000

Cholinergic urticaria BJD 110:587-910, 1984 Flushing after breaking of a fever Gustatory flushing, including congenital gustatory flushing Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 104:878-880, 1991 Hyperthermia from exercise; from exogenous heat Physiologic flushing – exercise, emotions, hot drinks Physiologic gustatory sweating Spinal cord injuries – facial flushing accompanying profuse sweating of face, neck, upper trunk with lesions at or above T6 JAAD 20:713-726, 1989

Auriculotemporal syndrome (Frey syndrome) AD 133:1143-1145, 1997 Brainstem and trigeminal nerve involvement Diabetic autonomic neuropathy Facial migraine Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) Hyperthermia in infants Interalia tumors of the posterior fossa Parkinson’s disease Spinal cord lesions

IV contrast media (iohexol) Adenosine 3′5′ monophosphate Aminophylline Ghatan p.245, 2002, Second Edition Amyl and butyl nitrite Anti-emetics – alizapride, metoclopramide Bromocriptine in parkinsonism Caffeine withdrawal syndrome Calcium channel blockers – felodipine, nifedipine, amlodipine, diltiazem JAAD 45:323-324, 2001; BJD 136:974-975, 1997 Carbon monoxide poisoning Carcinoid syndrome – face, neck, upper trunk associated withs diarrhea, breathlessness, and wheeze; foregut (stomach, lung, pancreas, biliary tract) – bright red or pink geographic flush,

sustained, with burning, lacrimation, wheezing, sweating; hindgut (appendix and ileum) – patchy, violaceous (cyanotic) flush, intermixed with pallor, short duration BJD 152:71-75, 2005; Rook p.2101, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 77:86-90, 1958; edema, telangiectasia, cyanotic nose and face, rosacea Acta DV (Stockh) 41:264-276, 1961 Chlorpropamide flush Ann Intern Med 95:468-476, 1981 Cholinergic drugs (metrifonate) Chylomicronemia syndrome – flushing with ingestion of alcohol Combination anesthesia with isoflurane and fentanyl Corticosteroids – high dose pulse methylprednisolone; oral triamcinolone Cyclosporine Cyproterone Diazoxide Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Etretinate Glutamate Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in patients with prostatic cancer J North Am Menopause Soc 2:159-161, 1995 Human corticotropin-releasing hormone Clin Investig 72:331-336, 1994 Hydralazine Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Hyperbradykininism (Streeten’s syndrome) Hyperthyroidism IL-2 reaction JAMA 258:1624-1629, 1987 Iohexol – radiographic contrast medium Isosorbide dinitrate Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Isotretinoin Metronidazole with or without alcohol Mithramycin Morphine Nicotinamide Nicotinic acid (high dose) (prostaglandin D2 release) Clin Pharmacol Ther 50:66-70, 1991 Nifedipine Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition Nitrate Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Nitroglycerin Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition Opiates Organic solvents Papaverine Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Persantin Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Pharmacologic menopause – 4-hydroxy androsterone, danazol, doxorubicin AD 128:1408, 1992, tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate, decapeptyl, leuprolide; cancer chemotherapy – doxorubicin, alpha interferon, methramycin, cacarbazine, cisplatin Phenolic flavanoids Phentolamine Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition Pheochromocytoma JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Prostacycline Circulation 106:1477-1482, 2002; Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 334:296-302, 1996 Prostaglandin E Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition Renal cell carcinoma – carcinoid-like syndrome caused by a prostaglandin secreting renal cell carcinoma Arch Int Med 140:1095-1096, 1980 Reserpine Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Rifampin Tamoxifen

Thyroid releasing hormone Thyrotropin releasing hormone Tricyclic antidepressants Vancomycin – red man syndrome; flushing of upper body NEJM 312:245, 1985 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition

Capsaicin in spicy foods Food poisoning

Bacillus subtilis Ciguatera fish poisoning – flushing, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, pruritus, temperature reversal, dysesthesia, diffuse tingling pain, burning tongue, gingiva, teeth, myalgia, weakness, and ataxia; ciguatoxin produced by coral reef dinoflagellate plankton species ingested by herbivorous fish; incubation period is 15 minutes to 3 hours Scombroid fish poisoning – incubation period is 10 to 30 minutes; fish tastes tangy, hot, bitter, spicy, peppery; headache, nausea, sweating, oral burning, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and urticaria; scombroid mackerel-like fish include tuna, skipjack, bonito, albacore, and mackerel; non-scombroid fish include herring, sardine, pilchard, anchovy, mahimahi, bluefish, marlin, amberjack, yellowtail, kahala, kahawai, mahimahi AD 115:963-965, 1979; and Japanese saury, Western Australian salmon Med J Aust 157:748-751, 1992 Herbal tea poisoning – anticholinergic – plant – ilex paraguariensis MMWR 44:193-195, 1995 Monosodium glutamate – very rare Rook p.2101, 1998, Sixth Edition Sodium nitrite Sulfites Tartrazine in aspirin-sensitive individuals

Sour foods Rook p.2100-2101, 1998, Sixth Edition Spicy foods Rook p.2100-2101, 1998, Sixth Edition

Pharmacol Biochem Behav 10:303-311, 1979 Carcinoid syndrome Chlorpropamide Clin Sci 67:375-381, 1984 Climacteric Diabetics taking chlorpropamide BMJ 281:620-621, 1980 Disulfiram Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition Ethanol-induced flushing is increased in Asians and North American Native Americans Science 175:449-450, 1972; tyramine in red wines Metronidazole Rook p.2100, 1998, Sixth Edition Pimecrolimus – flushing after alcohol ingestion AD 140:1014-1015, 2004 Rosacea Tacrolimus – facial flushing after alcohol ingestion NEJM 351:2740, 2004; AD 140:1542-1544, 2004; AD 140:1014-1015, 2004; JAAD 38:69-76, 1998

Autoimmunity to estrogen or progesterone Basophilic granulocytic leukemia Bronchogenic carcinoma

Dengue hemorrhagic fever JAAD 49:979-1000, 2003 Diabetes mellitus Dumping syndrome Graves’ disease JAAD 48:641-659, 2003 Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever – Sin nombre virus, Black Creek Canal virus, Bayou virus, New York virus, Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, Dobrava virus, Khabarovsk virus – petechial axillary rash, facial flushing, generalized purpura JAAD 49:979-1000, 2003; Tyring p.425, 2002 Homocystinuria – malar flush Horseshoe kidneys – flushing, nausea, pain (Rovsing syndrome) Insulinoma Mayo Clin Proc 42:547-550, 1967 Male climacteric flushing Mastocytosis – solitary mastocytoma with generalized flushing Ped Derm 21:262-264, 2004; Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 14:537-555, 2000; Dermatology 197:101-108, 1998; JID 96:32S-38S, 1991; diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; resembles foregut carcinoid flush Ann Intern Med 59:194-206, 1963; systemic mastocytosis Leuk Res 25:519-528, 2001; urticaria pigmentosa, mast cell leukemia Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid – secreting calcitonin Lancet ii:63-66, 1968 MEN II syndrome Neuroblastoma Pheochromocytoma – flushing follows attack of hypertension, pallor, tachycardia, palpitations, and sweating. Renal cell carcinoma Bolognia p.1657, 2003 Urticaria Verner-Morrison syndrome (watery diarrhea syndrome) – pancreatic cholera VIPomas

Acne rosacea Rook p.2104-2110, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 134:679-683, 1998 Anxiety reactions Arsenic poisoning – acute BJD 149:757-762, 2003 Betel nut chewing – autonomic and psychoneurologic effects; flushing, tachycardia, warmth, euphoria, alertness, hypotension, hyperhidrosis, myocardial infarction Clin Toxicol 39:355-360, 2001 Cholinergic urticaria Cold urticaria – immediate cold-contact urticaria JAAD 13:636-644, 1985 Congo Crimean hemorrhagic fever (Bunyavirus) – sunburn flush Constrictive pericarditis NEJM 333:45-48, 1995 Cyclosporine BJD 142:832-833,2000 Emboli – from cardiac myxomas; red-violet malar flush BJD 147:379-382, 2002 Epidural steroid injection Anesth Analg 80:617-619, 1995 Ganglioneuroma Haber’s syndrome – prominent flush of face Hodgkin’s disease HIV-associated flush of childhood JAAD 18:1089-1102, 1988 Hypotension – idiopathic orthostatic hypotension Industrial agents – trichlorethylene, n-dimethylformamide, nbutyl aldoxime, isocyanate from polyurethane

Lupus erythematosus, systemic Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Malignant histiocytoma Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland Bolognia p.1657, 2003 Menopause Rook p.3277, 1998, Sixth Edition; Ann Intern Med 95:468-476, 1981 Mercury poisoning – butterfly rash, flushing, perspiration of face, palmar erythema JAAD 45:966-967, 2001 Mushrooms Mustard gas exposure JAAD 39:187-190, 1998; JAAD 32:765-766, 1995; AD 128:775-780, 1992 Ovariectomy Pancreatic carcinoma NEJM 264:435-439, 1961 POEMS syndrome – flushing mimicking carcinoid syndrome AJM 90:646, 1991, Cutis 61:329-334, 1998; JAAD 40:808-812, 1999 Polycythemia vera Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Yellow fever

Chronic granulomatous disease – lupus-like lesions Dermatol 195:280-283, 1997 Lupus erythematosus – discoid lupus erythematosus Rook p.2444-2449, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 269:1155-1161, 1963

Chloracne

Demodicidosis JAAD 21:81-84, 1989 Leishmaniasis – post-kala-azar leishmaniasis – nodular J Cutan Pathol 25:95-99, 1998 Syphilis – alopecia with secondary syphilis Am J Dermatopathol 17(2):158-162, 1995

Folliculitis decalvans Hidradenitis suppurativa Perforating folliculitis Pseudofolliculitis barbae Sarcoid

Biotin deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Vitamin C deficiency

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Epidermal nevus Eruptive vellus hair cysts

Fibrofolliculoma Generalized follicular harmatoma AD 131:454-8, 1995; AD 107:435-440, 1973; AD 99:478-493, 1969 Inverted follicular keratosis Milia Nevus comedonicus Nevus sebaceus Porokeratosis Porokeratotic eccrine ostial dermal duct nevus Seborrheic keratosis Steatocystoma multiplex

Acne vulgaris Alopecia mucinosa (follicular mucinosis) Dermatology 197:178-180, 1998; AD 125:287-292, 1989; JAAD 10:760-768, 1984; AD 76:419-426, 1957 Atrichia A Hautkr 55 (4):210-217, 1980 Darier’s disease Dilated pore of Winer Ectodermal dysplasia with corkscrew hairs JAAD 27:917-921, 1992 Elastosis perforans serpiginosa Follicular atrophoderma Follicular ichthyosis BJD 111:101-109, 1984 Follicular lichen planus Keratosis pilaris atrophicans Kyrles’s disease Lichen planopilaris (S) (Graham-Little syndrome) Rook p.1904-1912, 1998, Sixth Edition; Dermatol Clin 14:773-782, 1996; JAAD 22:594-598, 1990; AD Syphilol 5:102-113, 1922 Lichen spinulosis Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Rook p.2549-2551, 1998, Sixth Edition Reactive perforating collagenosis Rhinophyma Clin Exp Dermatol 15:282-284, 1990 Trichostasis spinulosa

KID syndrome

FOOT ULCERS NEJM 343:787-793, 2000; Rook p.2269, 1998, Sixth Edition Acrodermatitis enteropathica Altered foot biomechanics Arterial insufficiency Arteriovenous shunting Atrophie blanche Bony deformities Cellulitis Charcot foot Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease – neurotrophic ulcer Decubitus

Diabetes mellitus Epidermolysis bullosa Factitial Fractures Gram-negative web space infection Infections, bacterial, mycotic, parasitic Leprosy Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Lupus erythematosus, discoid Neuropathy – motor, sensory, or autonomic North American blastomycosis Osteomyelitis Poliomyelitis Pressure Rheumatoid arthritis Staphylococcal Streptococcal Syphilis, tabes dorsalis Syringomyelia Traumatic injuries Trench foot Tropical sores Venous gangrene

Minocin hyperpigmentation

Pinta

Macular amyloidosis

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

Eruptive lentiginosis Generalized lentiginosis JAAD 18:444-447, 1988 Lentiginous mosaicism Lentigo simplex Nevus spilus JAAD 10:1-16, 1984 Spitz nevi, agminated Urticaria pigmentosum

Melasma Solar lentigines

Erythema dyschromicum perstans Vitiligo, repigmenting Zosteriform reticulate hyperpigmentation

Acromelanosis Albright’s syndrome – melanotic macules Centrofacial lentiginosis

Classic (Touraine) Greither

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome Dyskeratosis congenita Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Fanconi’s syndrome Incontinentia pigmenti Inherited patterned lentiginosis in blacks AD 125:1231-1235, 1989 Laugier-Hunziker syndrome Lentiginosis with hemangiomas Lentiginosis with nystagmus and strabismus (Pipkin) LEOPARD syndrome Mendes de Costa syndrome (dystrophia bullosa, typus maculatus) Mucocutaneous pigmentation with intestinal hemangiomatosis Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome NAME/LAMB syndromes Neurofibromatosis Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome POEMS syndrome Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura Symmetrical dyschromatosis of the extremities (acropigmentation of Dohi) Tay’s syndrome Tuberous sclerosis Xeroderma pigmentosum

GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA JAAD 52:491-499, 2005

Chronic familial neutropenia Scleroderma

Macrogingivae, congenital

Calcium channel blockers – felodipine, amlodipine, diltiazem, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine, nimodipine, oxodapine, verapamil JAAD 38:201-206, 1998; Cutis 62:41-43, 1998; Mayo Clin Proc 73:1196-1199, 1998

Carbamazepine Mayo Clin Proc 73:1196-1199, 1998 Cotrimoxazople J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Cyclosporine Dermatologica 172:24-30, 1986; Oral Surg 62:417-421, 1986; J Periodontol 57:771-775, 1986 Erythromycin J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Estrogens in oral contraceptives Mayo Clin Proc 74:1196-1199, 1998 Ethosuximide J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Felodipine J Periodontol 76:1217, 2005 Ketoconazole J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Lamotrigine J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Lithium J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Phenobarbitone J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:601, 2002 Phenytoin J Clin Periodontol 23:165-175, 1996; Int J Derm 26:602-603, 1987 Primidone J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Sertaline J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Succinimides Mayo Clin Proc 73:1196-1199, 1998 Tacrolimus J Periodontol 74:552-556, 2003 Topiramate J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Vagobatrin J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10-31, 2003 Valproate sodium Mayo Clin Proc 73:1196-1199, 1998

Oral hygiene JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Vitamin A toxicity JAAD 16:1027-1039, 1987

Abscesses Cytomegalovirus Clin Infect Dis 37:e44-46, 2003 HIV Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Mycobacteria, non-tuberculous Ghatan p.89, 2002, Second Edition Mycobacterium tuberculosis Paracoccidioidomycosis – granulomatous ulcerative gingivitis Cutis 40:214-216, 1987 Periodontitis, chronic, adult or juvenile Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Verrucae vulgaris

Amyloidosis Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition; J Oral Pathol Med 26:100-104, 1997; J Oral Pathol Med 23:423-428, 1994 Disseminated xanthosiderohistiocytosis (nodules) JAAD 11:750-755, 1984 Juvenile colloid milium JAAD 49:1185-1188, 2003 Langerhans cell histiocytosis – gingival nodules with ulcerations Curr Prob Derm 14:41-70, 2002; Oral Surg 49:38-54, 1980 Plasma cell gingivitis Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Xanthogranulomatosis – multiple juvenile xanthogranulomas JAAD 14:405-411, 1986

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Crohn’s disease NEJM 342:1644, 2000; Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition

Gingivitis, chronic – localized or generalized JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Inflammatory periodontal disease Ghatan p.89, 2002, Second Edition Marginal gingivitis, chronic Orofacial granulomatosis Periodontitis – gingivitis involving the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, leading to destruction; adult or juvenile JAAD 52:491-499, 2005; Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Peripheral giant cell granuloma AD 121:125-130, 1985 Plaque-induced gingivitis Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Pyostomatitis vegetans Sarcoidosis Rook p.3056,3122, 1998, Sixth Edition; Br J Oral Surg 21:31-35, 1983

Acromegaly Endocrine 18:207-210, 2002 Aplastic anemia Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:55-56, 1991 Aspartylglucosaminuria – oral fibromatosis J Med Genet 36:398-404, 1999 Chronic renal failure Pediatr Nephrol 18:39-45, 2003 Diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled – edematous gingival enlargement Fucosidosis JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Glycogen storage disease 1B (glucose-6-phosphate translocase deficiency) J Craniofac Surg 16:45-52, 2005 Hormonal gingivitis Cutis 47:55-62, 1991 Hyperparathyroidism Mannosidosis – autosomal recessive; gingival hypertrophy, macroglossia, coarse features, prognathism, thick eyebrows, low anterior hairline, deafness, lens opacities, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent respiratory tract infections, muscular hypotonia, mental retardation Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Mucolipidoses Rook p.3056,3121, 1998, Sixth Edition Mucopolysaccharidoses Rook p.3055-3056,3121, 1998, Sixth Edition Plasminogen deficiency Pregnancy JAAD 52:491-499, 2005; J Int Med Res 30:353-355, 2002; Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition; J Am Dent Assoc 110:365-368, 1985 Puberty JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Scurvy JAAD 52:491-499, 2005; Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition

Cysts Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition Epidermal nevus (verrucous nevus) – red papules of uvula, soft palate, and gingiva AD 141:515-520, 2005 Extramedullary plasmacytoma Cutis 48:134-136, 1991 Granular cell tumor, congenital JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Kaposi’s sarcoma Tyring p.377, 2002; Gen Dent 47:413-415, 1999; J Periodontol 57:159-163, 1986 Leukemia – monocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia J Periodontol 73:664-668, 2002; J Oral Pathol Med 31:55-58, 2002; J Can Dent Assoc 66:78-79, 2000; chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CD56+) Leuk Lymphoma 45:415-418, 2004; granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) Spec Care

Dentist 24:65-69, 2004; Burkitt cell type acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Periodontol 74:547-551, 2003; acute lymphocytic leukemia AD 123:225-231, 1971; myelodysplastic syndrome Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 61:466-470, 1986; mixed lineage leukemia J Oral Pathol Med 31:55-58, 2002 Lymphoma – Hodgkin’s disease J Periodontol 72:107-112, 2001 Melanocytic nevus – intramucosal nevus Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31:330-333, 2002 Metastases – due to hepatocellular carcinoma Cutis 65:107-109, 2000; medullary carcinoma of the thyroid J Periodontol 71:112-116, 2000 Myofibromatosis J Clin Periodontol 29:1048-1050, 2002 Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn Int J Oral Surg 12:437-443, 1983 Osteosarcoma Peripheral ossifying fibroma Verrucous carcinoma Ghatan p.89, 2002, Second Edition

Hodgkin’s disease J Periodontol 72:107-112, 2001

Acanthosis nigricans – gingival swelling BJD 145:506-507, 2001 Epulis fissuratum Ghatan p.89, 2002, Second Edition Giant cell epulis Ghatan p.89, 2002, Second Edition Idiopathic gingival hyperplasia J Orthod 30:13-19, 2003 Solitary gingival enlargement

Amelogenesis imperfecta J Periodontol 76:1563-1566, 2005; J Clin Pediatr Dent 23:117-121, 1999 Amyloidosis of the gingiva and conjunctiva with mental retardation Borrone dermatocardioskeletal syndrome – autosomal recessive or X-linked; gingival hypertrophy, coarse facies, late eruption of teeth, loss of teeth, thick skin, acne conglobata, osteolysis, large joint flexion contractuures, short stature, brachydactyly, camptodactyly, mitral valve prolapse, congestive heart failure Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Congenital cataracts, sensorineural deafness, hypogonadism, hypertrichosis, short stature – gingival hyperplasia Clin Dysmorphol 4:283-288, 1995 Congenital generalized fibromatosis – autosomal recessive; skin, muscle, bones, viscera Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Congenital hypertrichosis lanuginosa with gingival hyperplasia Ped Derm 10:263-265, 1993; profuse hypertrichosis of lower face, trunk, and extremities with acromegalic features Plast Reconstr Surg 27:608-612, 1962 Congenital generalized hypertrichosis with gingival hyperplasia – osteochondrodysplasia, dysmorphic face Am J Med Genet 30:278-283, 2003; Am J Med Genet 47:198-212, 1993 Costello syndrome – warty papules around nose and mouth, legs, perianal skin; loose skin of neck, hands, and feet; acanthosis nigricans; low set protuberant ears, thick palmoplantar surfaces with single palmar crease, gingival hyperplasia, hypoplastic nails, moderately short stature, craniofacial abnormalities, hyperextensible fingers, sparse curly hair, perianal and vulvar papules, diffuse hyperpigmentation, generalized

hypertrichosis, multiple nevi Ped Derm 20:447-450, 2003; JAAD 32:904-907, 1995; Aust Paediat J 13:114-118, 1977 Cowden’s syndrome – verrucous plaque on gingiva JAAD 11:1127-1141, 1984 Cross syndrome – autosomal recessive; gingival fibromatosis, microphthalmia with cloudy corneas, mental retardation, spasticity, growth retardation, athetosis, hypopigmentation, silvery gray hair Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; J Pediatr 70:398-406, 1967 Dyskeratosis benigna intraepithelialis mucosae et cutis hereditaria – conjunctivitis, umbilicated keratotic nodules of scrotum, buttocks, trunk; palmoplantar verruca-like lesions, leukoplakia of buccal mucosa, hypertrophic gingivitis, tooth loss J Cutan Pathol 5:105-115, 1978 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIIc (dermatosparaxis) J Oral Pathol Med 32:568-570, 2003 Erdheim-Chester disease (lipogranulomatosis) Fabry’s disease (Anderson-Fabry’s disease) – localized congenital gingival enlargement JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 François syndrome – dermochondral dystrophy; gingival hypertrophy Gangliosidosis – X-linked – gingival hypertrophy, macroglossia, coarse facies, micrognathia, loose skin, inguinal hernia, delayed growth, hepatosplenomegaly, neonatal hypotonia, delayed motor development Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Gingival fibromatosis (hereditary gingival fibromatosis) – autosomal dominant Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; J Clin Pediatr Dent 25:41-46, 2000; Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition Gingival fibromatosis, hypertrichosis, cherubism, mental and somatic retardation, and epilepsy (Ramon syndrome) Am J Med Genet 25:433-442, 1986; (gingival fibromatosis, hypertrichosis, epilepsy, mental retardation) Dev Med Child Neurol 31:538-542, 1989 Gingival fibromatosis-hypertrichosis syndrome (Byars-Jurkiewicz syndrome) – autosomal dominant; giant fibroadenomas of breast; hypertrichosis of face, upper extremities, midback; redundant skin; secondary kyphosis Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; J Pediatr 67:499-502, 1965; Plast Reconstr Surg 27:608-612, 1961 Gingival fibromatosis with distinctive facies – autosomal recessive; macrocephaly, hypertelorism, bushy eyebrows, synophrys, downslanted palpebral fissures, flat nasal bridge with hypoplastic nares, cupid-bow mouth, high arched palate Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Gingival fibromatosis with growth hormone deficiency Syndromes of the Head and Neck, p.852-853, 1990 Gingival fibromatosis with sensorineural hearing loss (Jones) Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; Am J Med Genet 22:623-627, 1985 Heck’s disease Hemimaxillofacial dysplasia (segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia) (HATS – hemimaxillary enlargement, asymmetry of face, skin findings) – facial asymmetry, hypertrichosis of the face, unilateral maxillary enlargement, partial anodontia, delayed eruption of teeth, gingival thickening of affected segment, Becker’s nevus, hairy nevus (hypertrichosis), lip hypopigmentation, depression of cheek, erythema, hypoplastic teeth Ped Derm 21:448-451, 2004; JAAD 48:161-179, 2003; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 64:445-448, 1987 Hereditary angioedema J Clin Periodontol 30:271-277, 2003 Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis – yellow domeshaped papules of face, gingiva, hard palate BJD 141:1101-1105, 1999 Hypereosinophilic syndrome Cutis 29:490-493, 1982

Hyperkeratosis palmoplantaris and attached gingival hyperkeratosis Arch Int Med 113:866-871, 1974 I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) – puffy eyelids; small orbits, prominent eyes, fullness of lower cheeks; small telangiectasias; fish-mouth appearance, short neck; gingival hypertrophy Int J Paediatr Dent 13:41-45, 2003; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.446, 2001; Clin Genet 23:155-159, 1983; Birth Defects 5:174-185, 1969 Ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia (IFAP) – gingical hyperplasia; collodion membrane and erythema at birth; ichthyosis; palmoplantar erythema; generalized follicular keratoses, non-scarring alopecia of scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, keratotic spiny follicular papules of elbows, knees, fingers, extensor surfaces, xerosis; angular cheilitis, recurrent cutaneous infections; punctate keratitis; ocular revascularizations; growth retardation; atopic dermatitis, urticaria; X-linked recessive Ped Derm 20:48-51, 2003; JAAD 46:S156-158, 2002; Am J Med Genet 85:365-368, 1999; AD 125:103-106, 1989; Dermatologica 177:341-347, 1988 Idiopathic fibrous hyperplasia Cutis 56:46-48, 1995 Julia Pastrana syndrome – congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminali – facial deformities and gingival hyperplasia Am J Med Genet 47:198-212, 1993 Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (infantile systemic hyalinosis) (Murray-Puretic-Drescher syndrome) – autosomal recessive; gingival fibromatosis with hypertrophy, focal skin nodularity with multiple subcutaneous tumors (nodular perianal lesions, facial red or pearly papules (paranasal, periauricular), dusky red plaques of buttocks, ears, lips), synophrys, thickened skin with sclerodermiform atrophy, osteolytic (osteoporotic) skeletal lesions, stiff muscles with massive stiffness, flexural joint contractures, hyperpigmentation, flexion contractures of joints, juxta-articular nodules (knuckle pads), diarrhea, recurrent suppurative infections failure to thrive with stunted growth (growth failure) and death in infancy; CMG2 (capillary morphogenesis protein 2) mutation (chromosome 4q21) Ped Derm 21:154-159, 2004; JAAD 50:S61-64, 2004; Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; Ped Derm 18:400-402, 2001; Dermatology 198:18-25, 1999; Int J Paediatr Dent 6:39-43, 1996; J Periodontol 67:451-453, 1996; Dermatology 190:148-151, 1995; Ped Derm 11:52-60, 1994; Ped Derm 6:68-75, 1989; Oral Surg 63:71-77, 1987 Laband syndrome (hereditary gingival fibromatosis) (Zimmermann-Laband syndrome) – autosomal dominant; soft, large floppy ears; bulbous soft nose, gingival fibromatosis; dysplastic/absent nails; atrophic distal phalanges (short terminal phalanges), hyperextensible metacarpophalangeal joints, hepatosplenomegaly, hypertrichosis, mental retardation Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; Ped Derm 10:263-266, 1993; J Otol Pathol Med 19:385-387, 1990; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 17:339-351, 1964 Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome) AD 117:531-535, 1981 Lipoid proteinosis J Oral Pathol Med 27:233-237, 1998; Rook p.3055-3056, 1998, Sixth Edition Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Menke’s kinky hair disease Mucopolysaccaridoses I-H JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis – digital papule; knuckle pads yellow papules and plaques Rook p.2325-2326, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 126:251-252, 1990; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 65:721-725, 1988; Pathology 17:601-608, 1985; JAAD 11:713-723, 1984; AD 97:543-547, 1968 Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I – gingival papules JAAD 42:939-969, 2000 Neurofibromatosis – unilateral gingival enlargement J Clin Periodontol 27:361-365, 2000

Nevus sebaceus syndrome (Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome) – gingival hyperplasia, papillomas of tongue, thickened mucosa, anodontia, dysodontia JAAD 52:S62-64, 2005; Ped Derm 13:22-24, 1996; Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 12:437-443, 1983 Pfeiffer’s syndrome JAAD 52:491-499, 2005 Proteus syndrome AD 140:947-953, 2004; Int J Dermatol 42:826-828, 2003 Rutherfurd syndrome (gingival fibromatosis and corneal dystrophy) – autosomal dominant; gum hypertrophy, failure of tooth eruption, corneal opacities, mental retardation, aggressive behavior Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; Acta Paediatr Scand 55:233-238, 1966 Sturge-Weber syndrome Indian J Dent Res 9:140-144, 1998 Sweet’s syndrome Ann Hematol 81:397-398, 2002 Trichothiodystrophy syndromes – BIDS, IBIDS, PIBIDS – gingival hyperplasia, poikiloderma, sparse or absent eyelashes and eyebrows, brittle hair, premature aging, sexual immaturity, ichthyosis, dysmyelination, bird-like facies, dental caries; trichothiodystrophy with ichthyosis, urologic malformations, hypercalciuria and mental and physical retardation JAAD 44:891-920, 2001; Ped Derm 14:441-445, 1997 Tuberous sclerosis – gingival fibromatosis JAAD 52: 491-499, 2005; Rook p.3122, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 135:1-5, 1996 Winchester syndrome – annular and serpiginous thickenings of skin; arthropathy, gargoyle-like face, gingival hypertrophy, macroglossia, osteolysis (multilayered symmetric restrictive banding), generalized hypertrichosis, very short stature, thickening and stiffness of skin with annular and serpiginous thickenings of skin, multiple subcutaneous nodules JAAD 50:S53-56, 2004; J Pediatr 84:701-709, 1974; Pediatrics 47:360-369, 1971

Epulis fissuratum – inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia due to ill-fitting dentures Ghatan p.177, 2002, Second Edition Irritation, chronic Mechanical trauma – ill-fitting dentures and implants Clin Oral Implants Res 12:179-187, 2001; ill-fitting scuba-diving mouthpiece Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 110:403-405, 2003 Mouth breathing – hyperplastic gingivitis

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia BJD 145:365, 2001 Microscopic polyangiitis Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 94:707-711, 2002 Pyogenic granuloma Thrombocytopenia – hemorrhage Thrombocytopathy – hemorrhage Wegener’s granulomatosis J Clin Periodontol 19:64-66, 1992; AD 122:1435-1440, 1986; interdental gingival hyperplasia resembling strawberries AD 136:171-172, 2000

Allergic contact dermatitis – methacrylate in dental restoration J Prosth Dent 90:225-227, 2003; acrylic crown Allergy 54:1316-1321, 1999; gold Contact Dermatitis 28:276-281, 1993; chewing gum J Periodontol 42:709-712, 1971; cinnamic

aldehyde Br Dent J 168:115-118, 1990; mints, dentifrices Rook p.3109, 1998, Sixth Edition Bullous pemphigoid – desquamative gingivitis BJD 145:994-997, 2001; JAAD 7:729-735, 1982 Chronic granulomatous disease – acute gingivitis Rook p.2742,3121, 1998, Sixth Edition Cicatricial pemphigoid (mucous membrane pemphigoid) – desquamative gingivitis AD 138:370-379, 2002; JAAD 43:571-591, 2000; J Periodontol 71:1620-1629, 2000; Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Congenital neutropenia Cyclic neutropenia – oral aphthae, gingivitis, weakness, fever, sepsis, diarrhea, gangrenous enterocolitis Ped Derm 20:519-523, 2003; Ped Derm 18:426-432, 2001; Am J Med 61:849-861, 1976 Dermatitis herpetiformis – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Dermatomyositis – telangiectatic gingivitis in childhood dermatomyositis Dialogues in Dermatology, Nov 2001; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Immunoglobulin deficiency with hyper-IgM and neutopenia Infantile genetic agranulocytosis – subcutaneous abscesses Acta Paediatr Scand 64:362-368, 1975 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome (congenital deficiency of leucocyte-adherence glycoproteins) (CD11a(LFA-1), CD11b, CD11c, CD18) (CD 18 beta2 subunit) – necrotic cutaneous abscesses, gingivitis, periodontitis, septicemia, ulcerative stomatitis, pharyngitis, otitis, pneumonia, peritonitis Dermatol Therapy 18:176-183, 2005; JAAD 31:316-9, 1994; Periodontol 6:26-36, 1994; Pediatr Pathol 12:119-130, 1992; BJD 123:395-401, 1990 Linear IgA disease – desquamative gingivitis Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 27:443-446, 1999; Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 70:450-453, 1990 Lupus erythematosus – systemic lupus erythematosus – lesions of gums; red or purpuric areas with red halos break down to form shallow ulcers BJD 135:355-362, 1996; BJD 121:727-741, 1989; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Mixed connective tissue disease – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Pemphigus vulgaris J Periodont 70:808-812, 1999; J Periodontol 59:611-614, 1988; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Rheumatoid arthritis Eur J Med Res 3:387-392, 1998

Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition Cyclosporine Diltiazem Nifedipine Oral contraceptives Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition Phenytoin

Chewing gum – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997

Foreign body gingivitis Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:562-570, 1997 Mouthwash – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Tobacco – smoking

Abscesses Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition AIDS – periodontitis, gingivitis Tyring p.371, 2002; Rook p.3054, 1998, Sixth Edition Aspergillosis – invasive aspergillus stomatitis Clin Inf Dis 33:1975-1980, 2001 Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (Donovanosis) J Clin Inf Dis 25:24-32, 1997 Candidiasis – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Gonorrhea – primary infection Rook p.1140,3122, 1998, Sixth Edition Herpes simplex – primary herpetic gingivostomatitis Tyring p.75, 2002; Infection 25:310-312, 1997 HIV gingivitis/periodontitis Oral Dis 3Suppl 1:S141-148, 1997; linear gingival erythema of HIV Histoplasmosis – necrotizing gingivitis BJD 133:472-474, 1995 Leishmaniasis – New World leishmaniasis; nasal, oropharyngeal, gingival involvement Trop Doct 7:7-11, 1977; post-kala-azar leishmaniasis Mycobacterium tuberculosis – periorificial tuberculosis Rook p.1194, 1998, Sixth Edition Myiasis gingiva J Periodontol 66:892-895, 1995 Nocardia asteroides – gingivitis with brain abscess Postgrad Med J 73:327-328, 1997 Noma (cancrum oris) (necrotizing gingivitis) – Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella intermedia, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Actinomyces spp.Oral Dis 5:144-149,156-162, 1999 Paracoccidioidomycosis – granulomatous ulcerative gingivitis Cutis 40:214-216, 1987 Periodontal abscess Pseudomas-induced necrotizing gingivostomatitis Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 88:644-645, 1999 Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus hominis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis – may simulate necrotizing gingivitis J Periodontol 60:57-66, 1989 Plasma cell gingivitis – red plaque Cutis 69:41-45, 2002; JAAD 34:145-146, 1996; J Periodontol 55:235-241, 1984; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997

Acute gingivitis Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) Ann Periodontol 4:65-73, 1999; J Periodont 66:990-998, 1995 Chronic marginal gingivitis Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition; J Clin Periodontol 13:345-359, 1986 Chronic ulcerative stomatitis – desquamative gingivitis BJD 143:671-672, 2000; JAAD 38:1005-1006, 1998; Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997; JAAD 22:215-220, 1990

Crohn’s disease Rook p.3055-3056, 1998, Sixth Edition; Periodont Case Reports 11:20-22, 1989; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Desquamative gingivitis Ann DV 127:381-387, 2000; Periodontol Insights 2:4-10, 1995; cicatricial pemphigoid in adults and children Int J Paedeatr Dent 7:31-34, 1997; pemphigus vulgaris, lichen planus Ann DV 127:381-387, 2000 (French); allergic contact dermatitis Contact Derm 39:90, 1998; linear IgA disease, chronic ulcerative stomatitis with epithelial antinuclear antibodies Rook p.3108, 1998, Sixth Edition Erythema multiforme J Periodontol 64:910-913, 1993; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Gingivitis with premature loss of teeth Cutis 65:151-155, 2000

Acatalasia Acrodynia Chediak-Higashi syndrome Congenital neutropenia Cyclic neutropenia Hypophosphatasia Juvenile periodontitis Langerhans cell histiocytosis Leukemia Takahara’s syndrome

Juvenile periodontitis, generalized Kikuchi’s histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis BJD 144:885-889, 2001 Periodontal fistula Periodontitis Pyostomatitis vegetans – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Sarcoidosis Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition; Br Med J 296:1504, 1988; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Agranulocytosis – periodontal destruction, gingival swelling Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:55-56, 1991 Diabetes mellitus – severe periodontitis Kynureninase deficiency (xanthurenicaciduria) Leukocyte defects – periodontitis Rook p.3054, 1998, Sixth Edition Lupoid hepatitis Malnutrition Porphyria cutanea tarda Pregnancy Rook p.3055-3056,3270, 1998, Sixth Edition; J Am Dent Assoc 110:365-368, 1985 Pubertal gingivitis Rook p.3111, 1998, Sixth Edition Renal failure, chronic Ren Fail 22:307-318, 2000 Scurvy – hemorrhagic gingivitis Cutis 66:39-44, 2000; JAAD 41:895-906, 1999; AD 120:1212-1214, 1984 Tumoral calcinosis

Erythroleukemia Erythroplasia Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition Kaposi’s sarcoma Postgrad Dent 2:93-100, 1992 Leukemia – acute myelomonocytic leukemia AD 123:225-231, 1971; chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous

leukemia; periodontitis Rook p.3054, 1998, Sixth Edition; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997 Lymphoma – mimicking necrotizing and hyperplastic gingivostomatitis Eur J Dermatol 9:569-573, 1999 Squamous cell carcinoma Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia

Epidermolysis bullosa, recessive dystrophic EB, gravis (Hallopeau, Siemens variant) Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York:Springer, 1992:135-151 Hereditary PPK (Unna-Thost) with oral keratosis or periodontosis Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition Lichen planus – desquamative gingivitis JAAD 46:207-214, 2002; Rook p.1904-1912,3082, 1998, Sixth Edition; Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997; vulvo-vaginal-gingival syndrome (erosive lichen planus) Int J Derm 28:381-384, 1989; red gingiva Psoriasis – desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997

Factitial gingivitis NY State Dent J 40:33-36, 1974; desquamative gingivitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 16:308-313, 1997

Chediak-Higashi syndrome – periodontitis Rook p.493,3121, 1998, Sixth Edition Chronic familial neutropenia Rook p.2748, 1998, Sixth Edition Down’s syndrome J Periodontol 68:626-631, 1997; J Periodontol 53:158-162, 1982 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – type VIII; periodontitis, marked skin fragility, over shins, decrease Type III collagen Clin Oral Investig 4:66-69, 2000; Birth Defects 13:85-93, 1983; JAAD 5:297-303, 1981 François syndrome (dermochondrocorneal dystrophy) J Clin Periodontol 25:1047-1049, 1998 Haim-Munk syndrome – autosomal recessive; mutation in cathepsin C gene (like Papillon-Lefevre syndrome); palmoplantar keratoderma, scaly red patches on elbows, knees, forearms, shins, atrophic nails, gingivitis with destruction of periodontium, onychogryphosis, arachnodactyly, recurrent pyogenic infections BJD 152:353-356, 2005 Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia HOPP syndrome – hypotrichosis, striate, reticulated pitted palmoplantar keratoderma, acro-osteolysis, psoriasiform plaques, lingua plicata, onychogryphosis, ventricular arrhythmias, periodontitis BJD 150:1032-1033, 2004; BJD 147:575-581, 2002 Ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia (IFAP) – beefy red gingiva; collodion membrane and erythema at birth; ichthyosis, spiny (keratotic) follicular papules (generalized follicular keratoses), non-scarring alopecia, keratotic papules of elbows, knees, fingers, extensor surfaces, xerosis; punctate keratitis, photophobia; nail dystrophy, psychomotor delay, short stature; enamel dysplasia, beefy red tongue, angular stomatitis, atopy, lamellar scales, psoriasiform plaques, palmoplantar erythema Curr Prob Derm 14:71-116, 2002; JAAD 46:S156-158, 2002; BJD 142:157-162, 2000; AD 125:103-106, 1989; Ped Derm 12:195, 1995; Dermatologica 177:341-347, 1988; Am J Med Genet 85:365-368, 1999

Job’s syndrome Kindler’s syndrome – desquamative lesions of the gingivae; severe periodontal disease AD 140:939-944, 2004; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 84:488-491, 1997 Lazy leukocyte syndrome Quintessence Int 10:9-14, 1979 Lipoid proteinosis Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition Orofacial granulomatosis – facial edema with swelling of lips, cheeks, eyelids, forehead, mucosal tags, mucosal cobblestoning, gingivitis, oral aphthae BJD 143:1119-1121, 2000; Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition Palmoplantar keratoderma, pes planus, onychogryphosis, periodontosis, arachnodactyly, and acro-osteolysis BJD 115:243-248, 1986 Papillon-Lefevre syndrome Quintessence Int 26:795-803, 1995; AD 124:533-539, 1988; Hum Genet 51:1-35, 1979; late onset Papillon-Lefevre syndrome J Periodontol 64:379-386, 1993 Sjögren’s syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Acrodynia – mercury sensitivity – inorganic mercury poisoning JAAD 43:81-90, 2000; red gums AD 124:107-109, 1988

Denture wearer’s stomatitis – red sore gums and palate; candida, mechanical irritation, and bacteria in combination Scand J Dental Res 82:151-190, 1974 Mouth breathing Physical trauma

Cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis AD 130:1159-1166, 1994 Hemangiomas Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition Wegener’s granulomatosis – strawberry gingiva JAAD 49:335-337, 2003; JAMA 246:2610-2611, 1981

Glue Olsen p.95, 1993 Hair spray – pseudonits JAAD 36:260, 1997 Lacquer Olsen p.95, 1993 Paint Olsen p.95, 1993 Retained selenium sulfide shampoo

Black piedra (Piedraia hortae) – black hard nodules of scalp, beard, mustache, or pubic hair BJD 130 Suppl 43:26-28, 1994 Pediculosis capitis, pubis – nits of pubic hair, eyebrows, eyelashes Ped Derm 20:356-357, 2003; JAMA 250:32, 1983; beard, axillae, areolar hair, scalp hair along margins; truncal hair in hirsute men Rook p.1441, 1443-1444, 1998, Sixth Edition

Psocid (Liposcelis) infestation JAAD 50:1-12, 2004 Tinea capitis Trichomycosis – trichomycosis axillaris – yellow, red, or black concretions of hair shaft of axillary hair; Corynebacterium species Rook p.1134-1135, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 115:444-445, 1979; trichomycosis pubis Int J Derm 30:667-669, 1991 White piedra (trichosporosis) – Trichosporon beigelii, T. ovoides, Cephalosporium acremonium, Brevibacterium mcbrellneri – soft white or light-brown nodules of beard, mustache, pubic; scalp less often JAAD 49:746-749, 2003; JAAD 47:415-418, 2002; Cutis 70:209-211, 2002; Australas J Dermatol 32:75-79, 1991; BJD 123:355-363, 1990; Ann DV 114:819-827, 1987; JAAD 14:982-983, 1986; AD 118:208-211, 1982; Cephalosporium acremonium Chin Med J 104:425-427, 1991

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Hair knots JAAD 47:415-418, 2002 Monilethrix JAAD 47:415-418, 2002 Peripilar hair casts (pseudonits) Dermatologica 182:124-127, 1991; Cutis 43:380-381, 1989; AD 75:509-513, 1957 Seborrheic dermatitis JAAD 50:1-12, 2004 Tinea amientacea Trichorrhexis nodosa – congenital, acquired JAAD 16:1-24, 1987

Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome – trichorrhexis nodosa Olsen p.107, 1993 Netherton’s syndrome

Aging – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition

Bleomycin – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Chloroquine Dixarazine – white hair Acta DV (Stockh) 61:85-88, 1981 Fluorobutyrophenone – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Haloperidol – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Hydroxychloroquine – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Hydroquinone – hypopigmentation of skin and hair Rook p.2965, 1998, Sixth Edition Imatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) NEJM 347:446-447, 2002 Mephenesin – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Para-amino benzoic acid – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition

Phenobarbital – depigmentation of skin and hair Ann DV 119:927-929, 1992 Phenols Ghatan p.8, 2002, Second Edition Phenylthiourea – hypopigmentation of skin and hair Rook p.2965, 1998, Sixth Edition Triparanol – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Valproic acid – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition

Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation of skin and hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition

Celiac disease Copper deficiency – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Essential fatty acid deficiency Histidenemia – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Homocystinuria – lightening of hair Rook p.2965, 1998, Sixth Edition Hyperthyroidism Rook p.2963, 1998, Sixth Edition Hypothyroidism Rook p.2963, 1998, Sixth Edition Iron deficiency anemia (segmented heterochromia) (canities segmentata sideropaenica) – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition; AD 125:531-535, 1989 Kwashiorkor – hypochromotrichia and hypopigmentation of skin Cutis 67:321-327, 2001; Cutis 51:445-446, 1993 Malnutrition – flag sign Oasthouse disease – white hair, recurrent edema; increased serum methionine Rook p.2965, 1998, Sixth Edition Panhypopituitarism – pale, yellow tinged skin Ghatan p.165, 2002, Second Edition Pellagra – leukonychia Ghatan p.79, 2002, Second Edition Pernicious anemia – vitiligo, canities Rook p.1783, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 82:221-226, 1970 Phenylketonuria – phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency; fair skin and hair Rook p.2645,2965, 1998, Sixth Edition; lichen sclerosus-like changes JAAD 49:S190-192, 2003; vitamin B12 deficiency No To Shinkei 49:283-286, 1997 (Japanese) Prolidase deficiency Renal disease – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Tyrosinemia – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition

Melanoma – leukoderma; hypopigmented hair

Albinism – tyrosinase negative (type IA), yellow mutant (type IB), platinum, tyrosinase positive (type II), minimal pigment, brown, rufous, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome – hypopigmented skin and hair JAAD 19:217-255, 1988

Albinoidism JAAD 19:217-255, 1988 Alopecia areata – white (hair) overnight AD 102:162-167, 1970 Canities Rook p.2962, 1998, Sixth Edition Diffuse hypomelanosis of scalp hair

Book syndrome Chronic protein loss or deficiency (kwashiorkor, renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption) Down’s syndrome Fanconi syndrome Hallerman-Streiff syndrome Hyperthyroidism Prolidase deficiency Treacher Collins syndrome Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitiligo White forelock – isolated finding

Ataxia telangiectasia JAAD 42:939-969, 2000; AD 134:1145-1150, 1998; JAAD 10:431-438, 1984 Book’s syndrome – autosomal dominant; premature graying, premolar hypodontia, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis Am J Hum Genet 2:240-245, 1950 Chediak-Higashi syndrome – autosomal recessive Curr Prob Dermatol 18:93-100, 1989 Cri-du-chat syndrome (chromosome 5p syndrome) J Pediatrics 77:782-791, 1970 Cross syndrome – autosomal recessive; gingival fibromatosis, microphthalmia with cloudy corneas, mental retardation, spasticity, growth retardation, athetosis, hypopigmentation, silvery gray hair Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001; J Pediatr 70:398-406, 1967 Down’s syndrome – hypopigmented hair; vitiligo Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Elejalde syndrome (neuroectodermal lysosomal disease) – bronze skin, silver hair AD 135:182-186, 1999 Fanconi’s syndrome – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Fisch’s syndrome – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Griscelli syndrome (partial albinism with immunodeficiency) – rare and fatal immunologic disorder characterized by partial oculocutaneous albinism, silver gray sheen of the hair (microscopic examination of hair shafts demonstrated large pigment granules accumulated in the medullary region), and variable cellular and immunodeficiency. Between the ages of 4 months and 4 years patients experience recurrent disease – exacerabation of lymphohistiocytic infiltration of multiple organs, including the brain and meninges often triggered by infection J Ped 125:886, 1994 Hallerman-Streiff syndrome – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.69, 2002, Second Edition Hereditary premature canities Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome – white skin and hair AD 135:774-780, 1999 Hypomelia, hypotrichosis, facial hemangioma syndrome (pseudothalidomide syndrome) – sparse silvery blond hair Am J Dis Child 123:602-606, 1972 Lipoatrophy (distal), stunted growth, muscle cramps, and hypoplastic uterus Rinsho Shinkeigaku 23:867-873, 1983 Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome – hypopigmented hair Rook p.2965, 1998, Sixth Edition

Mukamel syndrome – autosomal recessive; premature graying in infancy, lentigines, depigmented macules, mental retardation, spastic paraparesis, microcephaly, scoliosis Bolognia, p.859, 2003 Myotonic dystrophy – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition; Rook p.2964, 1998, Sixth Edition Piebaldism Pierre-Robin syndrome – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Premature canities, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, premolar hypodontia American J Human Genetics 2:240-263, 1950 Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome) – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition; Rook p.2964, 1998, Sixth Edition Pseudocleft of upper lip, cleft lip-palate, and hemangiomatous branchial cleft – canities Plast Reconstr Surg 83:143-147, 1989 Pseudocleft of the upper lip (or cleft lip/palate), linear cutaneous lesions on the lateral neck (ranging from bronchial clefts to epidermal nevi) and cervical thymus Am J Med Genet 27:943-951, 1987 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome Rook p.2964, 1998, Sixth Edition Seckel’s syndrome (bird-headed dwarfism) – autosomal recessive; hair sparse and prematurely gray, growth retardation, beak-like nose, large eyes, skeletal defects Am J Med Genet 12:7-21, 1982 Sialic acid storage disease – silver hair, coarse facial features, hepatosplenomegaly AD 135:203-208, 1999 Sensory neurodeafness with premature graying of the hair Laryngol Otol 73:355-367, 1959 Sudden whitening of hair Tay syndrome – autosomal recessive, growth retardation, triangular face, cirrhosis, trident hands, premature canities, vitiligo Bolognia p.859, 2003 Treacher Collins syndrome – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Unusual facies, vitiligo, canities, progressive spastic paraplegia Am J Med Genet 9:351-357, 1981 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Ann DV 127:282-284, 2000 Waardenburg syndrome Werner’s syndrome (pangeria) – graying of temples in teenage years progressing to canities Rook p.2964, 1998, Sixth Edition; Medicine 45:177-221, 1966

Physical trauma – hypopigmented hair Ghatan p.70, 2002, Second Edition Radiation therapy – hypopigmented hair Rook p.2964, 1998, Sixth Edition

HEMIHYPERTROPHY JAAD 48:161-179, 2003 Associated with:

Adrenocortical tumors Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Brain tumors Connective tissue nevi Ghatan p.127, 2002, Second Edition Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – of the sole Dermatology 192:280-282, 1996

Fibrosarcoma, including congenital fibrosarcoma Ped Derm 14:241-243, 1997 Genitourinary malformations Hemangiomas Hemihyperplasia multiple lipomatosis syndrome Overgrowth Syndromes. New York. Oxford Univ. Press, 2002, pp.5-110 Hepatoblastomas Hypertrichosis Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis Caputo p.54, 2000; AD 121:1062-1063, 1985; AD 107:574-579, 1973 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome Proteus syndrome Tuberous sclerosis – including macrodactyly Ped Derm 18:364-365, 2001 Vascular (venous) malformations AD 139:1409-1416, 2003 Wilms’ tumor

Allergic contact dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid Przegl Dermatol 69:291-294, 1982 (Polish); vesicular pemphigoid JAAD 49:722-724, 2003 Dermatitis herpetiformis Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita BJD 131:898-900, 1994 IgA pemphigus foliaceus JAAD 24:839-844, 1991 Linear IgA disease Lupus erythematosus – bullous herpetiform variant JAAD 9:163, 1983; AD 115:1427-1428, 1979 Pemphigus AD 135:943-947, 1999; BJD 141:754-755, 1999; including drug-induced herpetiform pemphigus – thiopronine BJD 130:238-240, 1994; D-penicillamine J Dermatol 7:425-429, 1980; pemphigus foliaceus BJD 86:99-101, 1972; IgG/IgA pemphigus – herpetiform, targetoid lesions BJD 147:1012-1017, 2002; pemphigus with anti-desmoglein 3 IgG autoantibodies J Dermatol 31:407-410, 2004

Coxsackie A virus – herpetiform herpangina Virologie 35:49-53, 1984 Cowpox Cryptococcosis BJD 121:665-667, 1989; JAAD 10:387-390, 1984 Gonococcal paronychia Herpes simplex infections, including primary, recurrent, chronic herpes simplex, and eczema herpeticum (Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption) Herpes zoster Histoplasmosis Protothecosis Int J Derm 25:54-55, 1986 Syphilis Clin Dermatol 23:555-564, 2005 Tinea corporis Hautarzt 40:364-389, 1989

Erythema multiforme – herpetiform eruption Acta DV 62:141-146, 1982

Metastases – ovarian adenocarcinoma Arch Gynecol Obstet 244:63-67, 1988

Paraneoplastic herpetiform dermatosis An Bras Dermatol 45:153-160, 1970

Aphthous ulcers Am J Otolaryngol 21:389-393, 2000; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 81:141-147, 1996; J Mich Dent Assoc 66:357-363, 1984 Dowling-Meara epidermolysis bullosa simplex – keratin 5 mutation JID 109:815-816, 1997; Arch Dermatol Res 286:233-241, 1994; BJD 126:421-430, 1992; AD 122:190-198, 1986 Impetigo herpetiformis Pustular psoriasis (Hebra’s herpetiform impetigo) Vestn Dermatol Venereol 1:63-65, 1990 (Russian) Seborrheic dermatitis – herpetiform napkin dermatitis BJD 114:746-747, 1986 Urticaria

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy Urticarial vasculitis

Chediak-Higashi syndrome Hypomelanosis of Ito Can J Neurol Sci 15:124-129, 1988 Idiopathic Ipsilateral facial and uveal arteriovenous and capillary angiomata, microphthalmia, heterochromia, and hypotony – simulates Sturge-Weber syndrome Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 94:227-239, 1996 Iris coloboma Arch Ophthalmol 118:1590-1591, 2000 Parry-Romberg syndrome Rortschr Ophthalmol 83:302-304, 1986 Prenatal toxic or other noxious influences Proteus syndrome AD 140:947-953, 2004 Sturge-Weber syndrome Tuberous sclerosis (hypopigmented iris spot) Waardenburg’s syndrome Eye 12:353-357, 1998; Am J Med Genet 55:95-100, 1995

Hyperchromic heterochromia Foreign body Surv Ophthalmol 28:409-411, 1984 Hyphema (hemorrhage in anterior chamber of eye) Iris abscess Melanoma of iris, including metastatic iris melanoma Br J Ophthalmol 63:744-749, 1979

Melanosis bulbi (vs. pigment in anterior layers of iris) Metallic siderosis (intravascular iron fragments) Neovascularization (rubeosis iridis or hyperemia of iris) Neurofibromatosis Nevus of iris, including iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome Can J Ophthalmol 13:287-290, 1978 Romberg’s syndrome (facial hemiatrophy) Scleroderma, periorbital Am J Ophthalmol 90:858-861, 1980 Trauma – perforating injuries or contusions to eye Xanthogranuloma Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 205:47-49, 1994

Hypochromic heterochromia Anemia Coloboma or micrcornea Diabetic rubiosis iridis Glaucoma cyclitis crisis (Posner-Schlossman syndrome) Horner’s syndrome Br J Ophthalmol 82:1095, 1998 Idiopathic Iris atrophy Iritis or iridocyclitis due to localized or generalized disease like tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, herpes zoster, Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis Ophthalmologica 209:289-291, 1995 Ischemic neovascularization Infiltration of iris by non-pigmented tumor Metastic neuroblastoma with involvement of ophthalmic sympathetic nerve

HYPERHIDROSIS Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999; JAAD 20:713-726, 1989

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

Profuse sweating of face, neck, upper trunk with lesions at or above T6 Autonomic dysregulation Congenital autonomic dysfunction with universal pain loss Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Orthostatic hypotension Paraplegia Arch Neurol 34:536-539, 1977 Post-traumatic syringomyelia

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy Rook p.1991, 1998, Sixth Edition Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) Cold exposure Congenital autonomic dysfunction with universal pain loss Post-sympathectomy

PROBABLE BRAIN LESIONS

Asymmetric hyperhidrosis – central nervous system lesions of cortex, basal ganglia or spinal cord Rook p.1993, 1998, Sixth Edition Hypothalamic stroke – hemihyperhidrosis Neurology 22:1394-1396, 2001 Hypothermia (Hines-Bannick syndrome) Without hyperthermia

Hypertension, post-traumatic Olfactory Parkinson’s disease Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Post-influenza diencephalitis Wiad Lek 33:149-152, 1980 Syringomyelia – hyperhidrosis over face and upper arms Rook p.2777, 1998, Sixth Edition Tumors Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition

ASSOCIATION WITH INTRATHORACIC NEOPLASMS OR LESIONS

Paroxysmal unilateral hyperhidrosis (cervical rib, osteoma, pulmonary adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma) AD 117:659-661, 1981

ASSOCIATION WITH SYSTEMIC ILLNESS

Acrodynia Acromegaly Br Med J 2 (6195):901-902, 1979 AIDS – episodic spontaneous hyperhidrosis with hypothermia Clin Inf Dis 29:210, 1999 Alcoholism, chronic Anorexia nervosa – drenching night sweats during weight recovery Rook p.2795, 1998, Sixth Edition Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly) Cutis 52:205-208, 1993 Book syndrome – autosomal dominant; canities, hyperhidrosis, premolar hypodontia Am J Hum Genet 2:240-263, 1950 Brucellosis Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Carcinoid syndrome – foregut (stomach, lung, pancreas) – bright red geographic flush, sustained, with burning, lacrimation, wheezing, sweating Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999; Rook p.2101, 1998, Sixth Edition Cardiogenic shock Chediak-Higashi syndrome Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Cold exposure Lancet ii:1073-1074, 1978 Congestive heart failure Dermatomyositis Diabetes mellitus Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Emotional stress AD 123:890-892, 1987 Epidermolysis bullosa – late onset junctional epidermolysis bullosa (epidermolysis junctionalis progressiva) – bullae of hands and feet, nail dystrophy, loss of dermatolyphic pattern, tooth enamel abnormalities, hyperhidrosis BJD 144:1054-1057, 2001 Febrile illnesses Fructose intolerance – deficit of aldolase B Fucosidosis type III Gaucher’s disease, type I Gout Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Graves’ disease JAAD 48:641-659, 2003 Herbicide poisoning Hot environment Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Hypertension, post-traumatic Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Hyperthyroidism JAAD 26:885-902, 1992 Hypoglycemia Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Infections, acute and chronic

Insecticide poisoning Lupus erythematosus, polymyositis overlap syndrome J Rheumatol 25:1638-1641, 1998 Lymphoma Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Menopause Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Mercury intoxication Obesity Over-clothed Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Parkinson’s disease Phenylketonuria Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Pheochromocytoma Rook p.1991, 1998, Sixth Edition; Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 POEMS syndrome (Takatsuki syndrome, Crowe-Fukase syndrome) – osteosclerotic bone lesions, peripheral polyneuropathy, hypothyroidism, and hypogonadism; sclerodermoid changes (thickening of skin), either generalized or localized (legs), cutaneous angiomas, blue dermal papules associated with Castleman’s disease (benign reactive angioendotheliomatosis), diffuse hyperpigmentation, maculopapular brown-violaceous lesions, purple nodules JAAD 44:324-329, 2001, JAAD 21:1061-1068, 1989; JAAD 12:961-964, 1985, AD 124:695-698, 1988, Cutis 61:329-334, 1998; JAAD 40:808-812, 1999 Porphyria Pregnancy – hyperhidrosis, spares palms Ghatan p.297, 2002, Second Edition Respiratory failure Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Rickets Ross’ syndrome – segmental compenstory hyperhidrosis JAAD 28:308-312, 1993 Russell-Silver syndrome – intrauterine and post-natal growth retardation; triangular facies, childhood hyperhidrosis, limb asymmetry, café au lait macules, blue sclerae, achromia, 5th finger clinodactyly, genital dysmorphia Schopf syndrome (oligodontia, hypotrichosis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, apocrine hidrocystomas of eyelid margins) JAAD 10:922-925, 1984 Scurvy Syncopal states Ghatan p.246, 2002, Second Edition Thermal stimuli Thyrotoxicosis Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Tyrosinemia type II (Richner-Hanhart syndrome) JAAD 35:857-859, 1996 Uremia Visceral disease – asymmetric sweating Fed Proc Am Soc Exp Biol 8:87-88, 1949 After vomiting

NIGHT SWEATS

Acromegaly Clin Endocrinol 53:601-608, 2000 Carcinoid syndrome Chediak-Higashi syndrome Dermatomyositis Drug withdrawal Dumping syndrome Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Dysautonomic states, including familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) Febrile illness

Gout Cutis 69:336-338, 2002 Heat Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Hodgkin’s disease – nocturnal hyperhidrosis Cutis 69:336-338, 2002 Hyperpituitarism Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Hyperthyroidism Hypoglycemia Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Idiopathic hyperhidrosis Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999; Pediatrics 64:698, 1979 Insulinoma Menopause Obesity Phenylketonuria Pheochromocytoma JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Porphyria Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Pregnancy Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Prinzmetal’s angina Ann Intern Med 107:121, 1987 Rickets Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Scurvy in infants Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Subacute bacterial endocarditis Tuberculosis Turner syndrome Clin Genet 52:63-64, 1997 Vasculitis

COMPENSATORY

After sympathectomy Associated with diffuse anhidrosis

NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS

Emotional factors (anxiety) Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Central nervous system lesions Gustatory hyperhidrosis Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Olfactory hyperhidrosis Int J Derm 38:561-567, 1999 Myasthenia gravis Tohoku J Exp Med 164:285-291, 1991 Parkinson’s disease Paroxysmal unilateral hyperhidrosis Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Sympathetic discharge

Shock and syncope Intense pain Alcohol Drug withdrawal Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998

PHARMACOLOGIC

Alcohol intoxication or withdrawal Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Antipyretic agents Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Betel nut (areca nut) chewing – betel quid (areca nut, leaf of betel pepper, slaked lime paste from shells, coral, or limestone) autonomic and psychoneurologic effects; cholinergic activation, flushing, tachycardia, warmth, euphoria, alertness, hypotension, angioedema, hyperhidrosis, myocardial infarction Clin Toxicol 39:355-360, 2001 Cholinergic drugs Chronic arsenic intoxication Cyclobenzaprine poisoning – paradoxical diaphoresis Ann Intern Med 101:881, 1984

Emetic drugs Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Hyperandrogenism AD 136:430-431, 2000 Insulin overdose Meperidine Nicotinic acid Omeprazole Postgrad Med J 75:701-702, 1999 Physostigmine Cutis 69:336-338, 2002 Pilocarpine Cutis 69:336-338, 2002 Propranalol Cutis 69:336-338, 2002 Tricyclic antidepressants Cutis 69:336-338, 2002 Venlafaxine Cutis 69:336-338, 2002

TOXINS

Acrodynia AD 124:107-109, 1988 Insecticides Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition

TRAUMA

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (T2-T4) – facial and axillary anhidrosis with compensatory hyperhidrosis of lower chest and abdomen Cutis 71:68-70, 2003 Heat, humidity, and exercise Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998

Ped Derm 10:341-343, 1993

IDIOPATHIC UNILATERAL CIRCUMSCRIBED HYPERHIDROSIS

AD 137:1241-1246, 2001; Ped Derm 17:25-28, 2000

GUSTATORY SWEATING

Clin Pediatr 32:629-631, 1993 Auriculotemporal syndrome (von Frey’s syndrome) – damage to auriculotemporal nerve due to injury, abscess, after parotitis,surgery in parotid area; linear flush and/or sweating on cheek after eating Ped Derm 17:415-416, 2000; AD 133:1143-1145, 1997; after facial trauma J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55:1485-1490, 1997; parotidectomy Laryngoscope 107:1496-1501, 1997; after thyroidectomy BJD 79:519-526, 1967 Central nervous system lesions Rook p.1994-1995, 1998, Sixth Edition Chocolate Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Citric acid Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Coffee Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Diabetic neuropathy Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 77:113-115, 1994; Am J Gastroenterol 86:1514-1517, 1991 Encephalitis Greater auricular nerve sweating after radical neck surgery Plast Reconstr Surg 49:639-642, 1972 Gustatory sweating – hyperhidrosis of face Rook p.1994-1995, 1998, Sixth Edition; knee JAMA 142:901-902, 1950 Gustatory sweating syndrome of the submandibular gland Ear Nose Throat J 79:111-112, 2000; following removal of the submandibular gland Br Dent J 158:17-18, 1985 Herpes zoster parotitis Ann Neurol 21:559,1987

Horner’s syndrome – medullary infarction, syringomyelia, multiple sclerosis, intraspinal tumors, aortic aneurysm, cervical lymphadenopathy, surgery, regional anesthesia, tumors – transient unilateral hyperhidrosis and vasoconstriction of the face Rook p.2782, 1998, Sixth Edition Hypertensive diencephalic syndrome – hyperhidrosis and blotchy erythema of face and neck with salivation, tachycardia, and sustained hypertension Rook p.2782, 1998, Sixth Edition Pancoast tumor – hemifacial gustatory sweating Am J Med 82:1269-1271, 1987 Parotid abscess Parotidectomy Acta Otolaryngol 48:234-252, 1957 Peanut butter Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Postherpetic gustatory sweating and flushing Ann Neurol 21:559-563, 1987 Spicy food Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Submental gustatory sweating Rook p.1994-1995, 1998, Sixth Edition Sympathetic nerves damage of head and neck Rook p.1994-1995, 1998, Sixth Edition Syringomyelia Thoracic sympathectomy Trauma J Oral Surg 35:306-308, 1977 Vagus nerve-induced gustatory sweating of upper arm after cervical sympathectomy Br Med J I:688-689, 1958 Paroxysmal idiopathic localized hyperhidrosis Localized hyperhidrosis associated with central nervous system disease, peripheral neuropathy, stroke, trauma, syringomyelia, tabes dorsalis, cervical rib, vertebral osteoma, mesothelioma, lung cancer

ASSOCIATIONS

Acrodynia – mercury poisoning – butterfly rash, flushing, perspiration of face, palmar erythema JAAD 45:966-967, 2001 Acro-osteolysis associated with spinal dysraphism – hyperhidrosis of the affected limb Ped Derm 18:97-101, 2001 Adjacent to area of anhidrosis Rook p.1993, 1998, Sixth Edition Angioblastoma (Nakagawa) BJD 143:223-224, 2000 Around leg ulcer (axon reflex stimulation) Rook p.1993, 1998, Sixth Edition Blue rubber bleb nevus (vascular malformation) AD 137:1241-1246, 2001; Rook p.1993, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 116:924-929, 1996 Book syndrome – autosomal dominant; palms and soles hyperhidrotic – aplasia of premolar teeth, premature graying (canities) Am J Hum Genet 2:240-263, 1950 Bronchial carcinoma – with pleural spread – unilateral thoracic hyperhidrosis Br Med J 2 (6035):563, 1976 Buerger’s disease AD 137:1241-1246, 2001 Burning feet syndrome (Gopalan’s syndrome) Carcinoid syndrome Causalgia Charcot-Marie Tooth syndrome Chilblains Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Compensatory hyperhidrosis, after thoracic sympathectomy Lancet 351:1136, 1998 Eccrine nevus – skin-colored papules, brown papules, depressed brown patches, perianal skin tag, solitary pore, draining mucoid material; localized unilateral hyperhidrosis JAAD 51:301-304,

2004; Clin Exp Derm 22:246-247, 1997; Cutis 53:259-261, 1994; JAAD 27:115, 1992; nevus sudoriferus – area of increased sweat production AD 96:67-68, 1967 Eccrine angiomatous nevus (hamartoma) – vascular nodule; macule, red plaque, acral nodule of infants or neonates; painful, red, purple, blue, yellow, brown, skin-colored nodule or plaque Ped Derm 22:175-176, 2005; JAAD 51:301-304, 2004; Cutis 71:449-455, 2003; JAAD 47:429-435, 2002; Ped Derm 18:117-119, 2001; JAAD 37:523-549, 1997; Ped Derm 14:401-402, 1997; Ped Derm 13:139-142, 1996; AD 129:105-110, 1993; skin-colored nodule with blue papules JAAD 41:109-111, 1999; blue plaque or nodule Dermatologica 155:206-209, 1977 Eccrine pilar angiomatous hamartoma AD 137:1241-1246, 2001 Emotional – palmoplantar and axillary Encephalitis Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Epidermolysis bullosa – recessive Erythrocyanosis Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Fibrous hamartoma of infancy – eccrine sweating over lesion; hairy plaque on arm JAAD 41:857-859, 1999 Focal palmoplantar and oral mucosa (gingival) hyperkeratosis syndrome (MIM:148730) (hereditary painful callosities) – palmoplantar keratoderma with hyperhidrosis, leukoplakia (gingival keratosis), and cutaneous horn of the lips JAAD 52:403-409, 2005; BJD 146:680-683, 2002; Oral Surg 50:250, 1980; Birth Defects 12:239-242, 1976; Arch Int Med 113:866-871, 1964 Frostbite Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Glomus tumors AD 137:1241-1246, 2001; Rook p.1993, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 41:109-111, 1997; hyperhidrosis may precede appearance of glomus on a limb Ped Derm 19:402-408, 2002 Gopalan’s syndrome AD 137:1241-1246, 2001 Granulosis rubra nasi – erythema of tip of nose, upper lip, chin; telangiectasias, small cysts Ann DV 123:106-108, 1996; Cutis 10:463, 1972 Heat Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998 Herpes zoster Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Hyperhidrotic malformations JAAD 29:274-275, 1993 Hyperthyroidism – palms and soles JAAD 26:885-902, 1992 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens – mutation of keratin 2e; superficial blistering of flexures, shins, abdomen with annular peeling; gray rippled hyperkeratosis of extrexities, lower trunk, flexures; hypertrichosis; circumscribed patchy scaling (mauserung); palmoplantar blistering with hyperhidrosis BJD 140:689-695, 1999; JID 103:277-281, 1994; JAAD 14:1000-1005, 1986 Idiopathic unilateral hyperhidrosis Arch Dermatol Syphilol 51:370-372, 1945 Iron deficiency Ann Clin Biochem 32:509-510, 1995 Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome Ghatan p.248, 2002, Second Edition Jakac-Wolf syndrome – palmoplantar keratoderma with squamous cell carcinoma, gingival dental anomalies, hyperhidrosis JAAD 53:S234-239, 2005 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome Cutis 60:127-132, 1997 Localized hyperhidrosis on the backs of the hands JAAD 12:937-942, 1985 Localized paroxysmal hyperhidrosis Am J Med Sci 221:86-88, 1951 Maffucci’s syndrome – angiomatous lesion with hyperplastic sweat glands

Malignant mesothelioma – paroxysmal unilateral hyperhidrosis Arch Neurol 40:256, 1983 Olfactory hyperhidrosis – facial hyperhidrosis Clin Exp Dermatol 12:298-299, 1987 Following opiate abuse – persistent focal hyperhidrosis Addiction 94:923-924, 1999 Pachydermoperiostosis AD 137:1241-1246, 2001 Perilesional Palmoplantar keratoderma – Papillon Lefevre Parotid abscess Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Parotitis Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica AD 134:333-337, 1998 POEMS syndrome AD 137:1241-1246, 2001 Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus – resemble nevus comedonicus; linear keratotic papules with central plugged pit; may be verrucous; filiform; anhidrotic or hyperhidrotic; most common on palms and soles JAAD 43:364-367, 2000; JAAD 24:300-1, 1991; Cutis 46:495-497, 1990 Pretibial myxedema JAAD 23:250-254, 1990 Primary focal hyperhidrosis Eur Neurol 44:112-116, 2000 Pulmonary adenocarcinoma – unilateral segmental hyperhidrosis Chest 114:1215-1217, 1998 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Cutis 68:179-182, 2001; AD 137:1241-1246, 2001; Am J Dis Child 142:1325-1330, 1988 Rheumatoid arthritis Ghatan p.172, 2002, Second Edition Ross’ syndrome – unilateral tonic pupils, generalized areflexia, progressive segmental anhidrosis with compensatory band of hyperhidrosis Curr Ther 16:863-867, 1998; Rook p.1993, 1998, Sixth Edition Sudoriparous angioma BJD 119:111-1113, 1988 Tufted angioma AD 136:905-914, 2000; Ped Derm 14:53-55, 1997; JAAD 33:124-126, 1995; JAAD 28:516-517,520, 1993; Clin Exp Dermatol 17:344-345, 1992 Unilateral hyperhidrosis of the trunk Acta Med Scand 168:17-20, 1960 Varicella – segmental hyperhidrosis preceding varicella J S C Med Assoc 80:504-505, 1984 Venous malformation JAAD 37:523-549, 1997

NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS

Auriculotemporal syndrome Brain tumors Cerebral infarction – unilateral hyperhidrosis Neurology 38:1679-1682, 1988 Causalgia Diabetic neuropathy Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Fear Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Gustatory Hemiplegia vegetativa alterna (ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome with contralateral hemihyperhidrosis) – due to posterior cerebral artery occlusion Stroke 26:702-704, 1995 Horner’s syndrome Ghatan p.248, 2002, Second Edition Olfactory hyperhidrosis Post-encephalitis Post-traumatic forehead hyperhidrosis Headache 30:64-68, 1990 Sympathetic neurologic lesions

Syringomyelia Tabes dorsalis Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition Tethered spinal cord syndrome – unilateral hyperhidrosis Ped Derm 15:486-487, 1998 Thoracic sympathectomy Ghatan p.247, 2002, Second Edition

PHARMACOLOGIC CAUSES

Adrenergic agents Cholinergic agents Tricyclic antidepressants J Clin Psychiatry 51:258-259, 1990

PHYSIOLOGIC CAUSES

Anxiety Local heat Pressure

VASOMOTOR CAUSES

Arteriovenous fistulae Cold injury Erythrocyanosis Frostbite Rook p.958-959, 1998, Sixth Edition Glomangiomas Mafucci syndrome Myocardial ischemia Raynaud’s phenomenon Sudoriporous hemangioma Symmetrical lividity of palms and soles Vibration Rook p.931, 1998, Sixth Edition

Arteriovenous fistula Book’s syndrome – autosomal dominant; premature graying, premolar hypodontia, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis Am J Hum Genet 2:240-245, 1950 Chloracne Dermatol Clin 12:569-576, 1994 Cold injury Rook p.1992, 1998, Sixth Edition Dyskeratosis congenita Emotional stress Rook p.1992, 1998, Sixth Edition Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (Weber-Cockayne) Ghatan p.248, 2002, Second Edition Erythromelalgia Graves’ disease JAAD 48:641-659, 2003 Greither’s palmoplantar keratoderma (transgrediens et progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma) – hyperkeratoses extending over Achilles tendon, backs of hands, elbows, knees; livid erythema at margins Cutis 65:141-145, 2000; Dermatology 187:309-311, 1993 Herpes zoster Tyring p.133, 2002 Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Dermatologica 158:168-174, 1979 Hyperhidrosis palmaris et plantaris Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens – mutation of keratin 2e; superficial blistering of flexures, shins, abdomen with annular peeling; gray rippled hyperkeratosis of extrexities, lower trunk, flexures; hypertrichosis; circumscribed patchy scaling (mauserung); palmoplantar blistering with hyperhidrosis BJD

140:689-695, 1999; JID 103:277-281, 1994; JAAD 14:1000-1005, 1986 Increased sympathetic response through T2-3 ganglia Keratolysis exfoliativa Ghatan p.248, 2002, Second Edition Keratosis palmaris et plantaris Mal de Meleda – autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive transgrediens with acral erythema in glove-like distribution; perioral erythema and hyperkeratosis; hyperhidrosis; pseudoainhum; lingua plicata, syndactyly, hairy palms and soles, high arched palate, lefthandedness Dermatology 203:7-13, 2001; AD 136:1247-1252, 2000; J Dermatol 27:664-668, 2000; Dermatologica 171:30-37, 1985 Metastases – cutaneous metastases from a chondroblastoma initially presenting as unilateral palmar hyperhidrosis JAAD 40:325-327, 1999 Nail-patella syndrome Rook p.1992, 1998, Sixth Edition Pachyonychia congenita Ped Derm 7:33-38, 1990; JAAD 19:705-711, 1988 Pachydermoperiostosis Ghatan p.248, 2002, Second Edition Papillon-Lefevre syndrome – autosomal recessive; diffuse transgradiens palmoplantar keratoderma with hyperhidrosis; periodontal disease with shedding of primary and permanent dentition; recurrent cutaneous and systemic pyodermas; psoriasiform plaques of elbows and knees JAAD 49:S240-243, 2003; J Periodontol 66:413-420, 1995; Ped Derm 11:354-357, 1994 Pitted keratolysis BJD 137:282-285, 1997 Pretibial myxedema JAAD 46:723-726, 2002 Primary hyperhidrosis Raynaud’s phenomenon or disease Rook p.1992, 1998, Sixth Edition Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Br Med J 310:1645-1648, 1995 Rheumatoid arthritis Richner-Hanhart syndrome (tyrosinemia type II) – autosomal recessive; tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency; chromosome 16q22-q24; painful palmoplantar keratoderma with circumscribed keratoses, bullae may occur; dendritic corneal ulcers, mental retardation; palmoplantar hyperhidrosis; signs include tearing, redness, pain and photophobia progressing to superficial and deep dendritic ulcers; mental retardation; aggregated tonofibril bundles on electron microscopy; crystal structures J Pediatr 126:266-269, 1995; AD 130:507-511, 1994; AD 126:1342-1346, 1990 Symmetrical lividity of the soles Cutis 64:175-176, 1999; BJD 37:123-125, 1925 Unna-Thost palmoplantar keratoderma – diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma – autosomal dominant; mutations in keratin 16 Hum Mol Genet 4:1875-1881, 1995; mutation in keratin 1 JID 103:764-769, 1994

Anti-synthetase syndrome – mechanics’ hands, Raynaud’s phenomenon, interstitial lung disease, anti-Jo-1 antibody AD 141:779-784, 2005 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Dermatomyositis – hyperkeratotic cuticles AD 110:866-867, 1995 Graft vs. host disease, chronic – follicular keratosis and plugs AD 138:924-934, 2002; acral keratotic form simulating warts Australas J Dermatol 40:161-163, 1999

Lupus erythematosus – systemic – hyperkeratotic and ragged cuticles Rook p.2474, 1998, Sixth Edition; discoid lupus erythematosus BJD 98:507-520, 1978; cutaneous horn AD 121:837-838, 1985 Mixed connective tissue disease – hyperkeratotic cuticles Ghatan p.80, 2002, Second Edition Morphea – linear morphea Clin Exp Dermatol 24:467-468, 1999; JAAD 38:366-368, 1998; Rook p.2505, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 134:594-595, 1996; generalized morphea – keratoses Rook p.2511, 1998, Sixth Edition Pemphigoid nodularis – hyperkeratotic plaques and nodules JAAD 45:747-754, 2001; JAAD 27:863-867, 1992; AD 118:937-939, 1982 Pemphigus foliaceus – pemphigus foliaceus resembling seborrheic keratosis AD 126:543-544, 1990; post-pemphigus acanthomata Int J Derm 36:194-196, 1997; endemic pemphigus of El Bagre region of Colombia JAAD 49:599-608, 2003 Scleroderma – hyperkeratotic plaques over phalanges containing amyloid Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 57:177-180, 1971; hyperkeratotic cuticles Ghatan p.80, 2002, Second Edition

Neurotrophic ulcers including those associated with neuropathies – begins as fissured callosity on metatarsal heads and heels Rook p.2775, 1998, Sixth Edition

Bleomycin – hyperkeratotic plaques on elbows and knees JAAD 40:367-398, 1999; AD 107:553-555, 1973 Cyclosporine – hair-like hyperkeratoses Hautarzt 46:841-846, 1995 Lithium-induced pseudo CTCL – follicular spiny hyperkeratosis JAAD 44:308-309, 2001; lithium-induced follicular hyperkeratosis Clin Exp Dermatol 21:296-298, 1996

Foreign body granuloma

Alternariosis – red scaly patches Clin Inf Dis 32:1178-1187, 2001 Bacillary angiomatosis Tyring p.324, 2002 Botryomycosis in AIDS JAAD 16:238-242, 1987 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Annu Rev Med 32:491-497, 1981 Coccidioidomycosis – hyperkeratotoic nodules and plaques AD 140:609-614, 2004 Cryptococcosis Tyring p.340, 2002 Demodicidosis – spinulosis of the face BJD 138:901-903, 1998 Dermatophytes – hyperkeratosis with cutaneous horns Ann DV 125:705-707, 1998 Erythrasma – disciform erythrasma; intertriginous and perigenital; Corynebacterium minutissimum; red to brown irregularly shaped and sharply marginated scaly and slightly creased patches of groin, axillae, intergluteal, submammary flexures, toe webs coral-red fluorescence with Wood’s light examination due to coproporphyrin; toe clefts are most frequent location; acanthosis nigricans and normal follicular openings of face

and trunk may show coral pink fluorescence Rev Infect Dis 4:1220-1235, 1982 Favus – Trichophyton schoenleinii BJD 148:1057, 2003 Fusarium solanae – hyperkeratotic facial plaque AD 101:598-600, 1970 Herpes zoster in AIDS JAAD 20:637-642, 1989; AD 126:1048-1050, 1990 HIV infection – follicular hyperkeratotic spicules JAAD 36:476-477, 1997 Leishmaniasis – cutaneous horn AD 123:168-169, 1987 Leprosy – hyperkeratotic and verrucous lesions of the lower extremities Indian J Lepr 64:183-187, 1992 Molluscum contagiosum JAAD 43:409-432, 2000 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare – scaling plaques AD 126:1108-1110, 1990 Mycobacterium terrae – hyperkeratotic plaque and osteomyelitis of fingertip following metal staple puncture BJD 152:727-734, 2005 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – lupus vulgaris – crusted hyperkeratotic plaque with nodules and scarring; tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Int J Derm 39:856-858, 2000; due to BCG inoculation BJD 144:444-445, 2001 Onychomycosis – thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Phaeohyphomycosis (subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis) – Exophiala jeanselmii Cutis 72:132-134, 2003 Pinta – tertiary (late phase) – hyperkeratoses of forearms, elbows, knees, ankles, legs, palms and soles Rook p.1274, 1998, Sixth Edition Pitted keratolysis Protothecosis – pyoderma-like lesion BJD 146:688-693, 2002 Scabies, crusted (Norwegian scabies) Tyring p.330, 2002; Dermatology 197:306-308, 1998; AD 124:121-126, 1988; scabies-associated acquired perforating dermatosis JAAD 51:665-667, 2004 Schistosoma haematobium – vulvar lesions resemble condyloma acuminata Clin Exp Dermatol 8:189-194, 1983 Sporotrichosis – scaly patches Rook p.1353, 1998, Sixth Edition Syphilis, secondary Tinea corporis, cruris, pedis; tinea pedis – resembling crusted scabies Tyring p.346, 2002; scutular favus-like tinea pedis – Microsporum gypseum Warts Tyring p.259-260, 2002; Cutis 63:91-94, 1999 Yaws

Amyloidosis – lichen amyloidosis Rook p.2628-2630, 1998, Sixth Edition Colloid milium, papuloverrucous variant BJD 143:884-887, 2000 Lichen myxedematosus – hyperkeratotic plaque

Perforating folliculitis Polymyositis – fingertip hyperkeratosis AD 129:1207-1208, 1993 Sarcoid – keratotic spines and palmar pits BJD 95:93-97, 1976 Toxic epidermal necrolysis – healing with verrucous hyperplasia BJD 149:1082-1083, 2003

Acromegaly – onychauxis (hypertrophy of nail) Ghatan p.82, 2002, Second Edition Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – elbows JAAD 13:681-682, 1985; Cutis 52:91-92, 1993 Crohn’s disease – hyperkeratotic spicules JAAD 36:476-477, 1997 Diabetes mellitus – neuropathic hemorrhagic calluses of feet Rook p.2675, 1998, Sixth Edition Disseminated verruciform xanthoma BJD 151:717-719, 2004 Dysglobulinemia – hyperkeratotic spicules JAAD 36:476-477, 1997 Fabry’s disease – angiokeratomas AD 140:1440-1446, 2004 Pellagra Phrynoderma – hyperkeratotic spicules AD 120:919-921, 1984 Renal failure, chronic – hyperkeratotic spicules JAAD 36:476-477, 1997; uremic follicular hyperkeratosis JAAD 26:782-783, 1992 Scurvy Tyrosinemia type II – painful calluses AD 130:507-512, 1994 Zinc deficiency

Acantholytic acanthoma – papule or nodule JAAD 19:783-786, 1988 Acquired digital fibrokeratoma JAAD 12:816-821, 1985 Actinic keratoses JAAD 37:392-394, 1997 Basal cell carcinoma – pseudohorn Cutis 48:379, 1991 Bowen’s disease Connective tissue nevus – mimicking linear epidermal nevus JAAD 16:264-266, 1987 Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma BJD 141:167-169, 1999 Eccrine syringofibroadenoma – nodule JAAD 13:433-436, 1985 Epidermal nevus Granular cell myoblastoma – hyperkeratotic papule; prurigo nodularis-like lesions Int J Derm 20:126-129, 1981 Hyperkeratotic lichen planus-like reactions combined with infundibulocystic hyperplasia AD 140:1262-1267, 2004 Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus – linear dermatitic and/or psoriasiform plaques; often on leg AD 113:767-769, 1977; AD 104:385-389, 1971 Kaposi’s sarcoma BJD 142:501-505, 2000; hyperkeratotic Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS with massive lymphedema BJD 142:501-505, 2000 Keratoacanthoma Large cell acanthomas – hyperkeratotic plaques JAAD 8:840-845, 1983 Lymphoma – verrucous CTCL Clin Exp Dermatol 21:205-208, 1996; pilotropic CTCL – keratotic spicules AD 132:683-687, 1996; Woringer-Kolopp disease – hyperkeratotic plaque AD 120:1045-1051, 1984; follicular CTCL – follicular keratosis JAAD 48:448-452, 2003; CTCL mimicking seborrheic keratosis BJD 147:1264-1265, 2002 Melanocytic nevi – inflammatory nevi evolving into halo nevi in children BJD 152:357-360, 2005; keratotic melanocytic nevus Int J Derm 29:713-715, 1990

Melanoma – verrucous and keratotic melanoma Histopathology 23:453-458, 1993 Multiple myeloma – hyperkeratotic filiform follicular spicules JAAD 49:736-740, 2003; JAAD 36:476-477, 1997 Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple JAAD 46:414-418, 2002; BJD 142:382-384, 2000; JAAD 41:325-326, 1999 Nevus comedonicus Nevus corniculatus – filiform keratoses, cutaneous horns, and giant comedones BJD 122:107-112, 1990 Paget’s disease of the nipple – cutaneous horn J Surg Oncol 29:237-239, 1985 Papillary eccrine adenoma – pomegranate-like appearance J Dermatol 24:773-776, 1997 Penile horn (cutaneous horn of the penis) Urology 30:156-158, 1987; J Urol 132:1192-1193, 1984 Porokeratosis – porokeratosis plantaris discreta JAAD 10:679-682, 1984; porokeratosis of Mibelli AD 122:586-587, 589-590, 1986; porokeratosis palmaris, plantaris et disseminata Dermatology 201:158-161, 2000; linear porokeratosis Ped Derm 21:682-683, 2004; AD 135:1544-1555,1547-1548, 1999; Ped Derm 4:209, 1987; AD 109:526-528, 1974; eruptive pruritic papular porokeratosis J Dermatol 19:109-112, 1992 Porokeratotic eccrine and hair follicle nevus BJD 141:315-322, 1999 Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus Bolognia p.1753, 2003 Seborrheic keratosis, including stucco keratosis Squamous cell carcinoma Rook p.1689-1690,3074-3076, 1998, Sixth Edition; Otolaryngol Clin North Am 26:265-277, 1993; squamous cell carcinoma of legs of black women JAAD 47:524-529, 2002; squamous cell carcinoma in situ JAAD 47:524-529, 2002; diffuse epidermal and periadnexal squamous cell carcinoma in situ – diffuse erythema and hyperkeratosis of face, neck, and scalp JAAD 53:623-627, 2005 Subungual exostosis – hyperkeratotic nodule Ped Derm 13:212-218, 1996 Syringoacanthoma – seborrheic keratosis-like lesion AD 120:751-756, 1984 Trichilemmal horn Am J Dermatopathol 18:543-547, 1996; palmar cutaneous horn AD 120:386-387, 1984; BJD 100:303-309, 1979 Verrucous carcinoma – of mouth Cancer 89:2597-2606, 2000; Dermatology 192:217-221, 1996; J Craniomaxillofac Surg 17:309-314, 1989; Surg 23:670-678, 1948; of umbilicus AD 141:779-784, 2005 Verrucous xanthoma AD 136:665-670, 2000 Warty dyskeratoma – face, neck, scalp, axillae Ghatan p.341, 2002, Second Edition

Keratoacanthoma visceral carcinoma syndrome – cancers of the genitourinary tract AD 139:1363-1368, 2003; AD 120:123-124, 1984 Sign of Leser-Trelat – eruptive inflammatory seborrheic keratoses associated with internal malignancy, immunosuppression, HIV disease JAAD 35:88-95, 1996; JAAD 21:50-55, 1989

Photolichenoid drug eruptions

Acanthosis nigricans; of the nipple JAAD 52:529-530, 2005 Acquired relapsing self-healing Blaschko dermatitis JAAD 31:849-852, 1994 Acrokeratoelastoidosis BJD 106:337-344, 1982 Acrokeratosis verruciformis Aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma JAAD 45:124-126, 2001 Atopic hand-foot dermatitis Ped Derm 18:102-106, 2001 Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma Callosities Clavus Collodion baby Ann Dermatol Syphiligr 3:149-15, 1884 Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis J Dermatol 27:598-603, 2000; Int J Derm 31:480-483, 1992 Congenital trichoid keratosis – cutaneous horns on scalp AD 128:1549-15550, 1992 Darier’s disease, including hemorrhagic acral Darier’s disease Hautarzt 51:857-861, 2000; onychauxis (hypertrophy of nail) Ghatan p.82, 2002, Second Edition Disseminated spiked hyperkeratosis AD 117:412-414, 1981 Ectopic nail – cutaneous horn JAAD 10:114-116, 1984 Elastosis perforans serpiginosa JAAD 51:1-21, 2004 Epidermolysis bullosa; non-Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa with collagen XVII mutation – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 52:371-373, 2005; AD 122:704-710, 1986; Dermatologica 152:72-86, 1976 Epidermolysis bullosa, epidermolytic type – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 42:1051-1066, 2000 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 42:1051-1066, 2000 Epidermolytic acanthoma BJD 141:728-730, 1999 Erythrokeratoderma variabilis BJD 143:1283-1287, 2001 Flegel’s disease (hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans) AD 133:910-914, 1997; Cutis 48:201-204, 1991; JAAD 16:190-195, 1987 Follicular ichthyosis BJD 111:101-109, 1984 Granular parakeratosis – hyperkeratotic papules and plaques in the intertriginous areas JAAD 52:863-867, 2005; Ped Derm 20:215-220, 2003; Ped Derm 19:146-147, 2002; submammary granular parakeratosis – punctate hyperkeratosis JAAD 40:813-814, 1999 Greither’s palmoplantar keratoderma – hyperkeratosis of elbows, knees, shins JAAD 53:S225-230, 2005 Grover’s disease – transient and/or persistent acantholytic dermatosis Harlequin fetus (ichthyosis congenital fetalis) Int J Derm 21:347-348, 1982 Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (hyperkeratosis areolae mammae) AD 137:1327-1328, 2001; JAAD 41:274-276, 1999; Eur J Dermatol 8:131-132, 1998; JAAD 13:596-598, 1985; AD 126:687, 1990; estrogen-induced Cutis 26:95-96, 1980; associated with CTCL JAAD 32:124-125, 1995; Int J Derm 29:519-520, 1990; ichthyosis, ichthyosiform erythroderma, acanthosis nigricans, Darier’s disease Rook p.3157, 1998, Sixth Edition Hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms BJD 107:195-201, 1982 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Ichthyosis vulgaris palmaris et plantaris dominans – form of ichthyosis vulgaris Dermatologica 165:627-635, 1982

Idiopathic follicular hyperkeratotic spicules of the nose JAAD 36:476-477, 1997 Keratosis follicularis squamosa of Dohi – scaly 3-10 mm patches symmetrical on trunk and thighs with central brown follicular plugs; margins slightly detached BJD 150:603-605, 2004; Jpn J Dermatol 3:513-514, 1903 Keratosis lichenoides chronica – hyperkeratotic plaques JAAD 38:306-309, 1998 Keratosis punctata Knuckle pads Ped Derm 17:450-452, 2000 Kyrle’s disease (hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis in cutem penetrans) JAAD 16:117-123, 1987 Lichen planus BJD 142:310-314, 2000 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Lichen striatus J Cutan Pathol 28:65-71, 2001 Micaceous and keratotic pseudoepitheliomatous balanitis JAAD 18:414-422, 1988; Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 68:164-167, 1966 Music box spicules – spiny keratoderma, porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses Cutis 54:389-394, 1994; AD 125:816-819, 1989; JAAD 18:431-436, 1988 Necrolytic acral erythema – serpiginous, verrucous plaques of dorsal aspects of hands, legs; associated with hepatitis C infection JAAD 50:S121-124, 2004; Int J Derm 35:252-256, 1996 Onychogryphosis JAAD 26:521-531, 1992; acquired; inherited forms – autosomal dominant, congenital forms Neonatal Dermatology, p.510, 2001 Palmoplantar keratoderma, including punctuate PPK Periumbilical perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum JAAD 39:338-344, 1998; JAAD 26:642-644, 1992; AD 115:300-303, 1979 Pityriasis rubra pilaris – including thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma AD 122:434-440, 1986 Prurigo nodularis – idiopathic or associated with lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Lennert’s lymphoma) Cutis 51:355-358, 1993; Hodgkin’s disease Dermatologica 182:243-246, 1991; Ped Derm 7:136-139, 1990; gluten sensitive enteropathy BJD 95:89-92, 1976; AIDS JAAD 33:837-838, 1995; uremia South Med J 68:138-141, 1975; depression, liver disease, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency Sustralas J Dermatol 32:151-157, 1991; malabsorption Dermatologica 169:211-214, 1984; The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon; p.xvi, 2000 Psoriasis, including rupioid psoriasis of feet Reactive perforating collagenosis Symmetrical interdigital hyperkeratosis of the hands Acta DV 73:459-460, 1993 Terra firme (Diogenes syndrome) Lancet i:366-368, 1975 Transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma Australas J Dermatol 41:172-174, 2000

Apert’s syndrome – circumferential nail at tip of fused digits Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.509, 2001 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba-Zonana syndrome (PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog hamartoma) – acral keratoses; facial verrrucous papules, angiokeratomas;

dolicocephaly, frontal bossing, macrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, long philtrum, thin upper lip, broad mouth, relative micrognathia, lipomas, penile or vulvar lentigines, facial verruca-like or acanthosis nigricans-like papules, multiple acrochordons, angiokeratomas, transverse palmar crease, accessory nipple, syndactyly, brachydactyly, vascular malformations, arteriovenous malformations, lymphangiokeratoma, goiter, hamartomatous intestinal polyposis JAAD 53:639-643, 2005; AD 132:1214-1218, 1996 Congenital malalignment of the great toenail – thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Corneal changes, hyperkeratosis, short stature, brachydactyly, premature birth – autosomal dominant Am J Med Genet 18:67-77, 1984 Costello syndrome – warty papules around nose and mouth, legs, perianal skin; loose skin of neck, hands, and feet, thick palmoplantar surfaces, hypoplastic nails, short stature, craniofacial abnormalities Eur J Dermatol 9:533-536, 1999; Aust Paediat J 13:114-118, 1977 Cowden’s disease Darier’s disease, including thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Deletion of long arm of chromosome 6 – circumferential nail Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.509, 2001 Dowling-Degos syndrome (reticulated pigmented anomaly of the flexures) – seborrheic keratosis-like lesions BJD 147:568-571, 2002 Dyskeratosis benigna intraepithelialis mucosae et cutis hereditaria – conjunctivitis, umbilicated keratotic nodules of scrotum, buttocks, trunk; palmoplantar verruca-like lesions, leukoplakia of buccal mucosa, hypertrophic gingivitis, tooth loss J Cutan Pathol 5:105-115, 1978 Ectodermal defects – including thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Epidermodysplasia verruciformis – spiny hyperkeratosis of palms and soles Ped Derm 20:176-178, 2003; Int J Derm 37:766-771, 1998 Haim-Munk syndrome – autosomal recessive; mutation in cathepsin C gene (like Papillon-Lefevre syndrome); palmoplantar keratoderma, scaly red patches on elbows, knees, forearms, shins, atrophic nails, gingivitis with destruction of periodontium, onychogryphosis, arachnodactyly, recurrent pyogenic infections BJD 152:353-356, 2005 Hereditary (bullous) acrokeratotic poikiloderma of Weary (acrokeratotic poikiloderma) (Kindler’s syndrome?) – autosomal dominant – vesiculopustular eruption of hands and feet in infancy and childhood; extensive dermatitis in childhood, persistent poikiloderma sparing face, scalp and ears, verrucous papules of hands, feet, elbows, and knees AD 103:409-422, 1971; pseudoainhum and sclerotic bands Int J Dermatol 36:529-533, 1997; AD 103:409-422, 1971 Hereditary callosities – blisters at periphery of calluses JAAD 11:409-415, 1984 Hereditary focal transgressive palmoplantar keratoderma – autosomal recessive; hyperkeratotic lichenoid papules of elbows and knees, psoriasiform lesions of scalp and groin, spotty and reticulate hyperpigmentation of face, trunk, and extremities, alopecia of eyebrows and eyelashes BJD 146:490-494, 2002 Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I – calluses over metatarsal heads which blister, necrose, and ulcerate Rook p.2779, 1998, Sixth Edition Hystrix-like ichthyosis-deafness syndrome – postnatal erythroderma, generalized spiky and cobblestoned

hyperkeratosis, sensorineural deafness, connexin mutation BJD 146:938-942, 2002 Ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia (IFAP syndrome) BJD 142:157-162, 2000; Am J Med Genet 85:365-368, 1999 Incontinentia pigmenti AD 139:1163-1170, 2003 Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans – X-linked dominant and autosomal dominant; alopecia, xerosis, thickened nails, photophobia, spiny follicular papules (keratosis pilaris), scalp pustules, palmoplantar keratoderma Ped Derm 22:170-174, 2005 Keratosis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome – hyperkeratotic papules and plaques of face, scalp, trunk, extremities; exaggerated diaper dermatitis Ped Derm 13:105-113, 1996; BJD 122:689-697, 1990 Lipoid proteinosis BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; Int J Derm 39:203-204, 2000; Ped Derm 14:22-25, 1997; AD 132:1239-1244, 1996 Netherton’s syndrome – hyperkeratosis of medial buttock Neu-Laxova syndrome – rudimentary eyelids, polyhydramnios, growth retardation, microcephaly, ichthyosis, thick hyperkeratotic skin Am J Med Genet 43:602-605, 1992 Olmsted syndrome – periorificial hyperkeratosis BJD 136:935-938, 1997 Pachyonychia congenita – including thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis – port wine stain, oculocutaneous (dermal and scleral) melanosis, CNS manifestations; type I – PWS and linear epidermal nevus; type II – PWS and dermal melanocytosis; type III – PWS and nevus spilus; type IV – PWS, dermal melanocytosis, and nevus spilus; types II,III, and IV may also have nevus anemicus Ped Derm 21:642-645, 2004; J Dermatol 26:834-836, 1999; Ped Derm 15:321-323, 1998; Ped Derm 13:33-35, 1996; AD 121:651-653, 1985; Jpn J Dermatol 52:1-3, 1947 Proteus syndrome – epidermal nevi of trunk and neck, vascular malformations, lipomas, cerebriform connective tissue nevi of feet JAAD 52:834-838, 2005 Pseudohypoparathyroidism – dry, scaly, hyperkeratotic puffy skin; multiple subcutaneous osteomas, collagenoma BJD 143:1122-1124, 2000 Reiter’s syndrome – keratoderma blenorrhagicum; soles, pretibial areas, dorsal toes, feet, fingers, hands, nails, scalp Cutis 71:198-200, 2003; Rook p.2765-2766, 1998; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:253-286, 1974 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) – autosomal recessive; hyperkeratotic lesions of hands, wrists, feet, and ankles Ped Derm 18:210-212, 2001; Am J Med Genet 22:102:11-17, 2001; Ped Derm 18:210212, 2001; Ped Derm 16:59-61, 1999; Dermatol Clin 13:143-150, 1995; JAAD 27:75-762, 1992; JAAD 17:332-338, 1987 Schwachman’s syndrome – neutropenia, malabsorption, failure to thrive; generalized xerosis, follicular hyperkeratosis, widespread dermatitis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis Ped Derm 9:57-61, 1992; Arch Dis Child 55:531-547, 1980; J Pediatr 65:645-663, 1964 Werner’s syndrome – hyperkeratosis over elbows and knees which ulcerate AD 124:90-101, 1988

Arsenical keratoses Environ Health Perspect 107:687-689, 1999

Amputation stump frictional callosity (lenticular button) or follicular hyperkeratosis Rook p.905, 1998, Sixth Edition Chewing callosities in children (‘gnaw warts’) Rook p.892, 1998, Sixth Edition Frictional callosities Occupational callosities Practitioner 210:507-512, 1973 Physical trauma – onychauxis (hypertrophy of nail) Ghatan p.82, 2002, Second Edition Thermal keratoses JAAD 47:524-529, 2002

Angiokeratoma – isolated lesion; associated with fucosidosis type II, galactosidosis type II, Kanzaki disease, aspartylglycosaminuria, sialidosis type II, adult onset gangliosidosis, beta mannosidase deficiency JAAD 37:523-549, 1997 Cutaneous hyperkeratotic capillary-venous malformation associated with familial cerebral cavernous malformations Hum Molec Genet 9:1351-1355, 2000; Ann Neurol 45:250-254, 1999 Familial cutaneo-cerebral capillary malformations – hyperkeratotic cutaneous vascular malformations Hum Molec Genet 9:1351-1355, 2000; Ann Neurol 45:250-254, 1999 Glomerulovenous malformation AD 140:971-976, 2004 Lymphangioma circumscriptum Lymphostasis verrucosa cutis (chronic lymphedema, multiple causes) – brawny edema with overlying hyperkeratosis Rook p.2285, 1998, Sixth Edition Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma – hyperkeratotic nodules of soles BJD 142:1238-1239, 2000 Verrucous hemangioma – linear along Blaschko’s lines JAAD 42:516-518, 2000

Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid – dyshidrosiform pemphigoid; pemphigoid nodularis JAAD 27:863-867, 1992; AD 118:937-939, 1982 Pemphigus vulgaris

Neurotrophic ulcers including those associated with neuropathies – begins as fissured callosity on metatarsal heads and heels Rook p.2775, 1998, Sixth Edition

Foreign body – hair – granuloma of heel

Blastomycosis-like pyoderma (pyoderma vegetans) – crusted or verrucous plaques which may weep, ulcerate or clear centrally, often involve the flexures, and do not respond to antibiotics

alone despite the regular presence of Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci JAAD 20:691-693, 1989 Candidal granuloma (CMCC) JAAD 21:1309-1310, 1989; chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Annu Rev Med 32:491-497, 1981 Chromoblastomycosis – feet, legs, arms, face, and neck;common causative organisms include Phialophora verrucosa, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compactum, Wangiella dermatitidus, Cladosporium carrionii and Aureobasidium pullulans; diagnostic characteristic is the presence of large pigmented round thick walled bodies with septation in two planes (muriform cells) AD 133:1027-1032, 1997; BJD 96:454-458, 1977; AD 104:476-485, 1971 Erythrasma – disciform erythrasma; intertriginous and perigenital; Corynebacterium minutissimum; red to brown irregularly shaped and sharply marginated scaly and slightly creased patches of toe webs; coral-red fluorescence with Wood’s light examination due to coproporphyrin; toe clefts are most frequent location Rev Infect Dis 4:1220-1235, 1982 Herpes zoster in AIDS Leprosy Onychomycosis – thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Osteomyelitis – with painful neuropathic callus Pinta – tertiary (late phase) – hyperkeratoses of forearms, elbows, knees, ankles, legs, palms and soles Rook p.1274, 1998, Sixth Edition Pitted keratolysis Scabies, crusted (Norwegian scabies) Dermatology 197:306-308, 1998; AD 124:121-126, 1988 Syphilis, secondary; tertiary – tabes dorsalis – initial lesion is clavus over weight-bearing regions of soles Arch Neurol 42:606-613, 1985 Tinea pedis – resembling crusted scabies Tyring p.346, 2002; scutular favus-like tinea pedis – Microsporum gypseum Tungiasis – verrucous plaque BJD 144:118-124, 2001 Warts Yaws (mother yaw) – Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue; 10-13 µm long by 0.15 µm wide; replicate in 30 hours; non-venereal; transmitted by skin contact; primarily in children; primary lesions on feet, legs, and buttocks; Africa, Asia, South and Central America, and Pacific Islands JAAD 29:519-535, 1993; Cutis 38:303-305, 1986

Amyloidosis – lichen amyloidosis Rook p.2628-2630, 1998, Sixth Edition Juvenile xanthogranuloma Ped Derm 17:460-462, 2000 Lichen myxedematosus

Diabetes mellitus – neuropathic hemorrhagic calluses of feet Rook p.2675, 1998, Sixth Edition Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Pellagra Tyrosinemia type II – painful calluses AD 130:507-512, 1994 Zinc deficiency

Acquired fibrokeratoma of the heel AD 121:386-388, 1985 Bowen’s disease – of the foot AD 123:1517-1520, 1987; of both feet BJD 151:227-228, 2004 Connective tissue nevus – purplish verrucous plantar plaque BJD 146:164-165, 2002 Eccrine syringofibroadenoma – diffuse unilateral plantar hyperkeratosis BJD 149:885-886, 2003 Epidermal nevus Kaposi’s sarcoma – verrucous nodules and plaques Tyring p.223,376, 2002; hyperkeratotic Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS with massive lymphedema BJD 142:501-505, 2000; JAAD 38:143-175, 1998 Keratoacanthoma Lymphoma – verrucous cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Clin Exp Dermatol 21:205-208, 1996; Woringer-Kolopp disease – hyperkeratotic plaque AD 120:1045-1051, 1984 Nevus comedonicus Porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis Seborrheic keratosis Squamous cell carcinoma Stucco keratosis Subungual exostosis – hyperkeratotic nodule Ped Derm 13:212-218, 1996 Verrucous carcinoma – epithelioma cuniculatum NEJM 352:488, 2005; AD 136:547-548, 550-551, 2000

Acanthosis nigricans Acrodermatitis continua Acrokeratoelastosis of Costa J Cutan Pathol 25:580-582, 1998; Acta DV 60:149-153, 1980 Acrokeratosis verruciformis of Hopf Atopic hand-foot dermatitis Ped Derm 18:102-106, 2001 Callus Br Med J 312:1403-1406, 1996; overlying metatarsal heads, sides of arches, heels; over the talus anteromedial to lateral malleolus Clin Exp Dermatol 16:118-120, 1991 Chronic recalcitrant pustular eruption of palms and soles Clavus, plantar or interdigital (between fourth and fifthe toes) Clin Orthop 142:103-109, 1979 Darier’s disease (keratosis follicularis) – of foot Caputo p.124, 2000 Dyshidrosis Ectopic plantar nail BJD 149:1071-1074, 2003 Epidermolysis bullosa; non-Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa with collagen XVII mutation – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 52:371-373, 2005; AD 122:704-710, 1986; Dermatologica 152:72-86, 1976 Epidermolysis bullosa, epidermolytic type – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 42:1051-1066, 2000 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 42:1051-1066, 2000 Erythema elevatum diutinum JAAD 50:652-653, 2004 Focal acral hyperkeratosis AD 123:1225, 1228, 1987 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Ichthyosis vulgaris palmaris et plantaris dominans – form of ichthyosis vulgaris Dermatologica 165:627-635, 1982

Juvenile plantar dermatosis Acta DV 58:531-534, 1978 Keratosis lichenoides chronica JAAD 38:306-309, 1998 Keratosis punctata – flexures Lichen planus Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Lichen simplex chronicus Lichen striatus Marginal papular acrokeratodermas Dermatology 203:63-65, 2001 Music box spicules – spiny keratoderma, porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses Cutis 54:389-394, 1994; AD 125:816-819, 1989; JAAD 18:431-436, 1988 Necrolytic acral erythema – serpiginous, verrucous plaques of dorsal aspects of hands, legs; associated with hepatitis C infection JAAD 50:S121-124, 2004 Onychogryphosis JAAD 26:521-531, 1992; acquired; inherited forms – autosomal dominant, congenital forms Neonatal Dermatology, p.510, 2001 Palmoplantar keratoderma Palmoplantar pustulosis Pityriasis rubra pilaris Progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma AD 122:434-440, 1986 Porokeratotic palmoplantar keratoderma discreta Clin Exp Dermatol 21:451-453, 1996; JAAD 10:679-682, 1984; Cutis 20:711-713, 1977 Prurigo nodularis – idiopathic or associated with lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Lennert’s lymphoma) Cutis 51:355-358, 1993; Hodgkin’s disease Dermatologica 182:243-246, 1991; Ped Derm 7:136-139, 1990; gluten sensitive enteropathy BJD 95:89-92, 1976; AIDS JAAD 33:837-838, 1995; uremia South Med J 68:138-141, 1975; depression, liver disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Australas J Dermatol 32:151-157, 1991; malabsorption Dermatologica 169:211-214, 1984; The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon; p.xvi, 2000 Psoriasis Tyring p.348-349, 2002 Terra firme (dermatosis neglecta) AD 135:728-729, 1999 Tylosis

Congenital malalignment of the great toenail – thickened nails Rook p.2865, 1998, Sixth Edition Costello syndrome – warty papules around nose and mouth, legs, perianal skin; loose skin of neck, hands, and feet, thick palmoplantar surfaces, hypoplastic nails, short stature, craniofacial abnormalities Eur J Dermatol 9:533-536, 1999; Aust Paediat J 13:114-118, 1977 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis – spiny hyperkeratosis of palms and soles Ped Derm 20:176-178, 2003 Familial mandibuloacral dysplasia Greither’s syndrome – poikiloderma of face and extremities; warty keratoses over hands, feet, and legs; plantar keratoderma; normal nails and hair Hautarzt 9:364-369, 1958 Haim-Munk syndrome – autosomal recessive; mutation in cathepsin C gene (like Papillon-Lefevre syndrome); palmoplantar keratoderma, scaly red patches on elbows, knees, forearms, shins, atrophic nails, gingivitis with destruction of

periodontium, onychogryphosis, arachnodactyly, recurrent pyogenic infections BJD 152:353-356, 2005 Hereditary (bullous) acrokeratotic poikiloderma of Weary (acrokeratotic poikiloderma) (Kindler’s syndrome?) – autosomal dominant – vesiculopustular eruption of hands and feet in infancy and childhood; extensive dermatitis in childhood, persistent poikiloderma sparing face, scalp and ears, verrucous papules of hands, feet, elbows, and knees AD 103:409-422, 1971; pseudoainhum and sclerotic bands Int J Dermatol 36:529-533, 1997; AD 103:409-422, 1971 Hereditary callosities – blisters at periphery of calluses JAAD 11:409-415, 1984 Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I – calluses over metatarsal heads which blister, necrose, and ulcerate Rook p.2779, 1998, Sixth Edition Incontinentia pigmenti: progressive persistent verrucous plaques; X-linked dominant. Xp28 or Xp11.21 locations; skin lesions present in 50% at birth and in 90% by 2 weeks of life; dental abnormalities in two-thirds of patients, ocular in 25-35%, and CNS defects in one-third JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; AD 124:29-30, 1988 Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe disease) – autosomal recessive; yellow verrucous plaques and nodules on extensor surfaces; asymptomatic visceral involvement of multiple organs; extracellular hyaline-like material in dermis; PAS positive and diastase resistant; probably represents glycoproteins and/or proteoglycan complexes BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; JAAD 39:149-171, 1998; Ped Derm 14:22-25, 1997; JAAD 21:599-601, 605, 1989 Pachyonychia congenita Ped Derm 14:491-493, 1997 Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica – coexistence of an organoid nevus (epidermal nevus) and a contralateral segmental lentiginous or papular speckled lentiginous nevus Dermatology 194:77-79, 1997 Reiter’s syndrome – keratoderma blenorrhagicum Rook p.2765-2766, 1998; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:253-286, 1974 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) – autosomal recessive; hyperkeratotic lesions of hands, wrists, feet, and ankles Ped Derm 18:210-212, 2001; Am J Med Genet 22:102:11-17, 2001; Ped Derm 18:210212, 2001; Ped Derm 16:59-61, 1999; Dermatol Clin 13:143-150, 1995; JAAD 27:75-762, 1992; JAAD 17:332-338, 1987 Schwachman’s syndrome – neutropenia, malabsorption, failure to thrive; generalized xerosis, follicular hyperkeratosis, widespread dermatitis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis Ped Derm 9:57-61, 1992; Arch Dis Child 55:531-547, 1980; J Pediatr 65:645-663, 1964 Werner’s syndrome

Arsenical keratoses Foreign body granuloma

Dancers’ calluses Harpists’ fingers – paronychia with calluses of the sides and tips of fingers with onycholysis and subungual hemorrhage Rook p.903, 1998, Sixth Edition

Mechanical hyperkeratosis of the soles J Dermatol 18:291-294, 1991 Scars – hyperkeratosis of scars in weight-bearing areas Acta Chir Scand 131:269-273, 1966

Lymphostasis verrucosa cutis (chronic lymphedema, multiple causes) – brawny edema with overlying hyperkeratosis Rook p.2285, 1998, Sixth Edition Pyogenic granuloma Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma – hyperkeratotic nodules of soles BJD 142:1238-1239, 2000

Allergic contact dermatitis, chronic Anti-synthetase syndrome – mechanics’ hands, Raynaud’s phenomenon, interstitial lung disease, anti-Jo-1 antibody AD 141:779-784, 2005 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid – dyshidrosiform pemphigoid; pemphigoid nodularis JAAD 27:863-867, 1992; AD 118:937-939, 1982 Dermatomyositis – hyperkeratotic cuticles AD 110:866-867, 1995 Graft vs. host disease – acral keratotic form simulating warts Australas J Dermatol 40:161-163, 1999 Lupus erythematosus – systemic lupus – psoriasiform and hyperkeratotic plaques of palms and soles BJD 81:186-190,1969; hyperkeratotic and ragged cuticles Rook p.2474, 1998, Sixth Edition Mixed connective tissue disease – hyperkeratotic cuticles Ghatan p.80, 2002, Second Edition Pemphigus vulgaris Cutis 35:445-446, 1985 Scleroderma – hyperkeratotic plaques over phalanges containing amyloid Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 57:177-180, 1971; hyperkeratotic cuticles Ghatan p.80, 2002, Second Edition

Piroxicam-induced dyshidrosis Cutis 35:485-486, 1985

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Dermatophyte infection – resembling crusted scabies Tyring p.346, 2002 Mycobacterium terrae – hyperkeratotic plaque and osteomyelitis of fingertip following metal staple puncture BJD 152:727-734, 2005 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Int J Derm 39:856-858, 2000 Onychomycosis – thickened nails Osteomyelitis Pinta – tertiary (late phase) – hyperkeratoses of forearms, elbows, knees, ankles, legs, palms and soles Rook p.1274, 1998, Sixth Edition Pyoderma

Scabies, crusted (Norwegian scabies) Tyring p.330, 2002; Dermatology 197:306-308, 1998; AD 124:121-126, 1988; thickened nails Syphilis, secondary Warts AD 138:405-410, 2002 Yaws

Polymyositis – fingertip hyperkeratosis AD 129:1207-1208, 1993 Sarcoid – keratotic lesions of palms resembling psoriasis or syphilis Rook p.2693, 1998, Sixth Edition; keratotic spines and palmar pits BJD 95:93-97, 1976

Acromegaly – onychauxis (hypertrophy of nail) Ghatan p.82, 2002, Second Edition Pellagra Porphyria – erythropoietic protoporphyria Eur J Pediatr 159:719-725, 2000; J Inherit Metab Dis 20:258-269, 1997; BJD 131:751-766, 1994; Curr Probl Dermatol 20:123-134, 1991; Am J Med 60:8-22, 1976 Tyrosinemia type II (Richner-Hanhart syndrome) – erosions of palms on thenar and hypothenar eminences, soles, tips of fingers which later become hyperkeratotic JID 73:530-532, 1979 Zinc deficiency (acrodermatitis enteropathica)

Acquired digital fibrokeratoma JAAD 12:816-821, 1985 Actinic keratoses JAAD 37:392-394, 1997 Bowen’s disease Epidermal nevus Keratoacanthoma Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma BJD 136:617-619, 1997; localized Pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease) BJD 147:806, 2002 Melanocytic nevus – keratotic melanocytic nevus J Cutan Pathol 27:344-350, 2000 Melanoma – developing in a palmoplantar keratoderma (Greither’s disease) J Dermatol 22:55-61, 1995 Nevus comedonicus Porokeratosis of Mibelli Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus Bolognia p.1753, 2003 Punctate porokeratosis Seborrheic keratosis Squamous cell carcinoma Stucco keratosis Trichilemmal horn – palmar cutaneous horn AD 120:386-387, 1984; BJD 100:303-309, 1979 Verrucous carcinoma

Palmar filiform hyperkeratosis JAAD 33:337-340, 1995 vs. Acanthosis nigricans

Arsenical keratoses Lichen nitidus Pitted keratolysis Punctate porokeratosis Verruca vulgaris

Acanthosis nigricans Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau Acrokeratoelastoidosis BJD 106:337-344, 1982 Acrokeratosis verruciformis of Hopf Aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma JAAD 45:124-126, 2001 Atopic hand-foot dermatitis Ped Derm 18:102-106, 2001 Darier’s disease, including hemorrhagic acral Darier’s disease Hautarzt 51:857-861, 2000; onychauxis (hypertrophy of nail) Ghatan p.82, 2002, Second Edition Dyshidrosis (resolving) Ectopic nail – cutaneous horn JAAD 10:114-116, 1984; usually of palmar aspect of fifth finger Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.509, 2001 Epidermolysis bullosa; non-Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa with collagen XVII mutation – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 52:371-373, 2005; AD 122:704-710, 1986; Dermatologica 152:72-86, 1976 Epidermolysis bullosa, epidermolytic type – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 42:1051-1066, 2000 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex – palmoplantar callosities JAAD 42:1051-1066, 2000 Focal acral hyperkeratosis Dermatol Online J 1:10, 2001; AD 123:1225, 1228, 1987 Hereditary papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma Z Hautkr 60:211-214, 1985 Hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms BJD 107:195-201, 1982 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Ichthyosis vulgaris palmaris et plantaris dominans Dermatologica 165:627-635, 1982 Id reaction Keratolysis exfoliativa (acquired peeling of the palms) – recurrent Rook p.652, 1998, Sixth Edition; Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 53:165-167, 1967 Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases Cutis 32:75-76, 1983 Knuckle pads Ped Derm 17:450-452, 2000 Lichen planus BJD 142:310-314, 2000 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Lichen simplex chronicus Lichen striatus Music box spicules – spiny keratoderma, porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses Cutis 54:389-394, 1994; AD 125:816-819, 1989; JAAD 18:431-436, 1988 Necrolytic acral erythema – serpiginous, verrucous plaques of dorsal aspects of hands, legs; associated with hepatitis C infection JAAD 50:S121-124, 2004; Int J Derm 35:252-256, 1996 Onychogryphosis – acquired; inherited forms – autosomal dominant, congenital forms Neonatal Dermatology, p.510, 2001 Palmoplantar keratodermas Pincer nail deformity Pityriasis rubra pilaris Porokeratotic palmoplantar keratoderma discreta Clin Exp Dermatol 21:451-453, 1996 Progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma AD 122:434-440, 1986 Prurigo nodularis – idiopathic or associated with lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Lennert’s lymphoma) Cutis 51:355-358, 1993; Hodgkin’s disease Dermatologica

182:243-246, 1991; Ped Derm 7:136-139, 1990; gluten sensitive enteropathy BJD 95:89-92, 1976; AIDS JAAD 33:837-838, 1995; uremia South Med J 68:138-141, 1975; depression, liver disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Sustralas J Dermatol 32:151-157, 1991; malabsorption Dermatologica 169:211-214, 1984; The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon; p.xvi, 2000 Psoriasis Pustular eruptions of the palms and soles, chronic recalcitrant – including pustular bacterid, acrodermatitis of Hallopeau, pustular psoriasis Symmetrical interdigital hyperkeratosis of the hands Acta DV 73:459-460, 1993 Terra firme (Diogenes syndrome) Lancet i:366-368, 1975 Transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma Australas J Dermatol 41:172-174, 2000 Tylosis Xerotic dermatitis (winter hand dermatitis)

Bulemia – callosities of the hands Am J Psychiatr 5:655, 1985

Apert’s syndrome – circumferential nail at tip of fused digits Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.509, 2001 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvulcaba syndrome – acral keratoses AD 132:1214-1218, 1996 Costello syndrome – warty papules around nose and mouth, legs, perianal skin; loose skin of neck, hands, and feet, thick palmoplantar surfaces, hypoplastic nails, short stature, craniofacial abnormalities Eur J Dermatol 9:533-536, 1999; Aust Paediat J 13:114-118, 1977 Deletion of long arm of chromosome 6 – circumferential nail Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.509, 2001 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis – spiny hyperkeratosis of palms and soles Ped Derm 20:176-178, 2003 Familial multiple acral mucinous fibrokeratomas – verrucous papules of the fingers JAAD 38:999-1001, 1998 Greither’s syndrome – poikiloderma of face and extremities; warty keratoses over hands, feet, and legs; plantar keratoderma; normal nails and hair Hautarzt 9:364-369, 1958 Haim-Munk syndrome – autosomal recessive; mutation in cathepsin C gene (like Papillon-Lefevre syndrome); palmoplantar keratoderma, scaly red patches on elbows, knees, forearms, shins, atrophic nails, gingivitis with destruction of periodontium, onychogryphosis, arachnodactyly, recurrent pyogenic infections BJD 152:353-356, 2005 Hereditary (bullous) acrokeratotic poikiloderma of Weary (acrokeratotic poikiloderma) (Kindler’s syndrome?) – autosomal dominant – vesiculopustular eruption of hands and feet in infancy and childhood; extensive dermatitis in childhood, persistent poikiloderma sparing face, scalp and ears, keratotic verrucous papules of hands, feet, elbows, and knees AD 103:409-422, 1971; pseudoainhum and sclerotic bands Int J Dermatol 36:529-533, 1997; AD 103:409-422, 1971 Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – thick nails Lipoid proteinosis BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; Int J Derm 39:203-204, 2000; Ped Derm 14:22-25, 1997; AD 132:1239-1244, 1996 Mal de Meleda Pachyonychia congenita – subungual hyperkeratosis

Reiter’s syndrome – keratoderma blenorrhagicum; soles, pretibial areas, dorsal toes, feet, fingers, hands, nails, scalp Cutis 71:198-200, 2003; Rook p.2765-2766, 1998; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:253-286, 1974 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) – autosomal recessive; hyperkeratotic lesions of hands, wrists, feet, and ankles Ped Derm 18:210-212, 2001; Am J Med Genet 22:102:11-17, 2001; Ped Derm 18:210212, 2001; Ped Derm 16:59-61, 1999; Dermatol Clin 13:143-150, 1995; JAAD 27:75-762, 1992; JAAD 17:332-338, 1987 Schwachman’s syndrome – neutropenia, malabsorption, failure to thrive; generalized xerosis, follicular hyperkeratosis, widespread dermatitis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis Ped Derm 9:57-61, 1992; Arch Dis Child 55:531-547, 1980; J Pediatr 65:645-663, 1964 Woolly hair, premature loss of teeth, nail dystrophy, acral hyperkeratosis, and facial abnormalities BJD 145:157-161, 2001

Arsenical keratosis Foreign body granuloma

Callosities Chewing callosities in children (‘gnaw warts’) Rook p.892, 1998, Sixth Edition Clavus Occupational callosities Practitioner 210:507-512, 1973

Angiokeratoma Lymphostasis verrucosa cutis

HYPERKERATOTIC PAPULES OF THE NIPPLE Acanthosis nigricans JAAD 52:529-530, 2005; JAAD 31:1-19, 1994 Darier’s disease Epidermal nevus Paris Med 28:63-66, 1938 Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis – verrucous plaques of nipples Rook p.1506, 1998, Sixth Edition Erosive adenomatosis (papillary adenomatosis) of the nipple – blood-stained or serous discharge; enlarged nipple; eroded nipple; erythema, ulcer, crusted dermatitis, granular appearance, papule on nipple JAAD 47:578-580, 2002; JAAD 43:733-751, 2000; JAAD 12:707-715, 1985 Florid papillomatosis of the nipple Ghatan p.51, 2002, Second Edition Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (hyperkeratosis areolae mammae) AD 137:1327-1328, 2001; JAAD 41:274-276, 1999; Eur J Dermatol 8:131-132, 1998; AD 126:687, 1990; JAAD 13:596-598, 1985; estrogen-induced Cutis 26:95-96, 1980; associated with CTCL JAAD 32:124-125, 1995; Int J Derm 29:519-520, 1990; ichthyosis, ichthyosiform erythroderma, acanthosis nigricans, Darier’s disease Rook p.3157, 1998, Sixth Edition Ichthyosiform erythrodermas Ichthyosis

Keratosis-ichthysosis-deafness (KID) syndrome – acanthosis nigricans-like change of the nipple AD 123:777-782, 1987; hypoplasia of nipples Ped Derm 19:513-516, 2002 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Lichen simplex chronicus Lymphomas, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma JAAD 41:274-276, 1999; JAAD 37:124-125, 1995 Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple JAAD 46:414-418, 2002; BJD 142:382-384, 2000; JAAD 41:325-326, 1999 Paget’s disease of the breast (nipple) Rook p.1677-1678,2709, 1998, Sixth Edition; Dermatologica 170:170-179, 1985; Surg Gynecol Obstet 123:1010-1014, 1966 Psoriasis Rook p.3162, 1998, Sixth Edition Seborrheic keratoses Rook p.3161, 1998, Sixth Edition

HYPERPIGMENTATION IN BLASCHKO’S LINES JAAD 31:157-190, 1994; J Pediatr 116:581-586, 1990 Acquired dermal melanocytosis (acquired nevus of Ota-like macules) JAAD 43:934-936, 2000 Cutaneous amyloidosis, Partington type (X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder) Basaloid follicular hamartoma Blaschkitis Chondrodysplasia punctata (X-linked variant) Ped Derm 13:1-4, 1996 Chromosome X-autosome translocation Epidermal nevus – early stage Goltz’s syndrome Incontinentia pigmenti – third stage Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; AD 112:535-542, 1976 Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis Ped Derm 10:156-158, 1993; JAAD 19:1037-1044, 1988 Linear atrophoderma of Moulin – acquired atrophic pigmented band-like lesions following Blaschko’s lines Eur J Dermatol 10:611-613, 2000; Int J Dermatol 39:850-852, 2000; JAAD 38:366-368, 1998; BJD 135:277-279, 1996; Ann DV 119:729-736, 1992 McCune-Albright syndrome – melanotic macules BJD 130:215-220, 1994 Melanocytic nevi, café-au-lait macules, and nevi spili Acta DV 78:378-380, 1998 Mosaic 13q11 deletion Mosaic tetrasomy 12p Mosaic 15;22 Mosaic trisomy 18 Mosaicism/chimerism Nevus comedonicus – areas of hyperpigmentation AD 116:1048-1050, 1980 Linear porokeratosis AD 135:1544-1555,1547-1548, 1999; Ped Derm 4:209, 1987; AD 109:526-528, 1974 Ring 10;45 Ring X/46 Ring X+ring Scleroderma – linear scleroderma (en coup de sabre) JAAD 38:366-368, 1998 Trisomy 14

Dermatomyositis Rook p.1782, 1998, Sixth Edition Graft vs. host reaction, chronic AD 134:602-612, 1998 Lupus erythematosus, systemic Rook p.1782, 1998, Sixth Edition Morphea – generalized morphea – diffuse hyperpigmentation Rook p.2511, 1998, Sixth Edition Pemphigus foliaceus Rheumatoid arthritis Rook p.1782, 1998, Sixth Edition Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) – diffuse cutaneous form; CREST syndrome, morphea Rook p.1782, 2527, 1998, Sixth Edition Still’s disease Rook p.1782, 1998, Sixth Edition

Carbon baby syndrome – universal acquired melanosis – entire skin deep black Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.381, 2001; AD 114:775-778, 1978 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – congenital generalized hyperpigmentation JAAD 33:323-326, 1995 Congenital diffuse pigmentation (Wende-Bauckus) Epidermal melanocytosis AD 86:412-418, 1962 Familial pigmentation with nail dystrophy AD 71:591-598, 1955 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation AD 103:581-8, 1971 Green baby – due to intrauterine exposure to Evan’s blue dye Am J Perinatol 5:234-235, 1988

Cutis 59:77, 1977 ACTH administration Rook p.1780, 1998, Sixth Edition Adriamycin Amiodarone Bolognia p.980, 2003 Argyria – slate-gray pigmentation of sun-exposed areas (forehead, nose, hands); entire skin may be hyperpigmented NEJM 351:2349-2350, 2004; Am J Kidney Dis 37:1048-1051, 2001; BJD 104:19-26, 1981; AD 114:373-377, 1978 Arsenic – brown diffuse macular hyperpigmentation Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition Atabrine (mepacrine) – greenish-yellow pigmentation of face, hands, feet; then diffuse Am J Med Sci 192:645-650, 1936 Bismuth – generalized hyperpigmentation resembling argyria and/or blue-black line at the gingival margin JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; JAAD 37:489-490, 1997 Bleomycin AD 107:553-555, 1973 Busulfan – diffuse JAAD 9:645-663, 1983; Addisonian Arch Int Med 124:66-71, 1969 Chemotherapy JAAD 40:367-398, 1999 Chloramphenicol overdose in infants – gray baby syndrome Clin Pediatr 21:571-572, 1982 Chloroquine Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Chlorpromazine Chrysiasis

Clofazimine – orange-red hyperpigmentation JAAD 23:236-241, 1990 Cyclophosphamide Bolognia p.978, 2003 Dactinomycin Bolognia p.978, 2003 Daunorubicin JAAD 46:S1-3, 2002; JAAD 26:255-256, 1992 5-fluorouracil Hydantoin Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxyurea JAAD 49:339-341, 2003; AD 135:818-820, 1999; JAAD 36:178-182, 1997; AD 111:183-187, 1975 Immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients – diffuse hyperpigmented xerotic dermatitis JAAD 44:932-939, 2001 Lichenoid drug eruption Methotrexate Minocycline – diffuse hyperpigmentation Arthr Rheum 50:3698-3701, 2004; JAAD 3:244-247, 1980 MSH administration Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Nitrogen mustard, topical AD 113:1387-1389, 1977 Oral contraceptives Phenolphthalein – diffuse brown pigmentation (fixed drug) Arch Dermatol Syphilol 32:915-921, 1935 Phenothazines, including chlorpromazine AD 90:471-476, 1964 Phototoxic and photodynamic drug reactions Rook p.1787, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 106-148, 1972 Psoralens (PUVA) Quinidine AD 122:1062-1064, 1986 Quinine AD 88:419-426, 1963 Rifabutin Silver sulfadiazine cream JAAD 12:1112-1114, 1985 Tetracosactrin BJD 82:389-396, 1970 Zidovudine JAAD 46:284-293, 2002

Heavy metals Arsenic Gold Lead Mercury Bismuth

AIDS Tyring p.371, 2002; lichenoid hyperpigmentation of AIDS Chronic infection – malaria, kala-azar (black sickness, leishmaniasis) J Inf Dis 173:758, 1996, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis Rook p.1781, 1998, Sixth Edition Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis J Clin Endocrinol 16:1374, 1956 Erythrasma Pediculosis Rook p.1784, 1998, Sixth Edition

Amyloidosis – macular amyloid Langerhans cell histiocytosis – bronze hyperpigmentation Curr Prob Derm VI:1-24, 1994

Eosinophilic fasciitis

Acromegaly – Addisonian pattern Rook p.1779,2704, 1998, Sixth Edition Addison’s disease – diffuse, accentuated in flexures, palmar and plantar creases, nipples, genitalia, buccal mucosa, conjunctiva, vagina Cutis 76:97-99, 2005; Rook p.1779,2706, 1998, Sixth Edition; universal melanosis Adrenalectomy Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Adrenoleukodystrophy (Siemerling-Creutzfeld disease) Am J Hum Genet 27:547-553, 1975 Asthma melanodermica – prior to attack, diffuse darkening of skin and increase in size and number of nevi AD 78:210-213, 1958 Cachectic states Central nervous system disease of diencephalon, substantia nigra – Addisonian pigmentation Rook p.1781, 1998, Sixth Edition; after emotional stress Psychosom Med 19:89-98, 1957 Congenital dyschromia with erythrocyte, platelet, and tryptophan metabolism abnormalities JAAD 19:642-655, 1988 vs. Asymmetric mosaics

Congenital leukoderma Dyschromatosis universalis Familial progressive hyperpigmentation AD 103:581-598, 1971 Lentiginosis

Cushing’s disease – Addisonian pattern Rook p.1779,2705, 1998, Sixth Edition; Ped Derm 15:253-258, 1998 Familial adrenocorticotropin unresponsiveness syndrome (familial glucocorticoid deficiency) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14:1113-1118, 2001 Folate deficiency AD 112:562, 1976 Gaucher’s disease – glucocerebroside; yellow-brown pigmentation diffuse hyperpigmentation, easy tanning, pigmented macules BJD 111:331-334, 1984 Graves’ disease – Addisonian hyperpigmentation; palms and soles, gingiva, buccal mucosa JAAD 48:641-659, 2003 Hemochromatosis – idiopathic (autosomal recessive) or secondary to chronic iron intoxication (Bantu hemachromatosis), chronic liver disease and iron overload, hepatic hemosiderosis in anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis, congenital transferrin deficiency – gray-brown hyperpigmentation especially of face, flexures, and exposed parts AD 113:161-165, 1977; Medicine 34:381-430, 1955 Hepatic disease, including primary biliary cirrhosis Hyperthyroidism – patchy hyperpigmentation or diffuse Addisonian hyperpigmentation sparing oral mucosa JAAD 26:885-902, 1992 Kwashiorkor Liver disease, chronic – diffuse muddy gray hyperpigmentation; primary biliary cirrhosis Rook p.2725, 1998, Sixth Edition Lysosomal storage disease – anterior and posterior dermal melanocytosis in Hurler’s disease, GM, gangliosidosis type 1, Niemann-Pick disease, Hunter’s disease, alpha-mannisidosis AD 139:916-920, 2003 Malabsorption – Addisonian hyperpigmentation or local pigmentation of face, neck, trunk Rook p.1784,2653, 1998, Sixth Edition Malnutrition Megaloblastic anemia JAAD 12:914-917, 1985

Myxedema Nelson’s syndrome – post-adrenalectomy diffuse hypermelanosis Ann Intern Med 52:560-569, 1960 Niemann-Pick disease – acid sphingomyelinase; diffuse pigmentation, especially of face Rook p.1778-1779, 1998, Sixth Edition Ochronosis – generalized hyperpigmentation with accentuation over cheeks, forehead, axillae and genitalia, buccal mucosa, nails Rook p.2649, 1998, Sixth Edition Pellagra – niacin deficiency; Addisonian hyperpigmentation; accentuated on face, hands Rook p.1783, 1998, Sixth Edition Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) – diffuse or mottled hyperpigmentation of face, hands, feet, and scrotum Cutis 71:127-130, 2003; J Dermatol 28:282-285, 2001; JAAD 15:1263-1274, 1986; AD 12:896-899, 1986 Porphyria cutanea tarda Rook p.2590, 1998, Sixth Edition; variegate porphyria Rook p.2586-2587, 1998, Sixth Edition; hepatoerythropoietic porphyria AD 116:307-313, 1980 Renal failure, chronic – muddy brown hyperpigmentation Rook p.1782,2730, 1998, Sixth Edition Scurvy – Addisonian Rook p.1784, 1998, Sixth Edition Sprue Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Vitamin A deficiency JAAD 41:322-324, 1999 Whipple’s disease Rook p.2654, 1998, Sixth Edition Wilson’s disease

Acquired generalized lentiginosis ACTH and MSH producing tumors (pituitary and others) BJD 126:286-289, 1992 Carcinoid syndrome – flushing, patchy cyanosis, hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, pellagrous dermatitis, salivation, lacrimation, abdominal cramping, wheezing, diarrhea Rook p.1780, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 77:86-90, 1958 Epidermal nevus JAAD 10:1-16, 1984 Extrapituitary neuroendocrine melanoderma Hodgkin’s disease – Addisonian hyperpigmentation Rook p.1781, 1998, Sixth Edition Lymphoma, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma – diffuse progressive hyperpigmentation JAAD 16:257-260, 1987 Melanocytic nevus – giant congenital nevus Melanoma – metastatic; diffuse melanosis; slate gray hyperpigmentation Dermatology 197:338-342, 1998; JAAD 35:295-297, 1996; JAAD 20:261-266, 1989 Mongolian spot, generalized J Dermatol 22:330-333, 1995 Neurocutaneous melanosis Nevus sebaceus Pheochromocytoma – Addisonian pigmentation Rook p.1780, 1998, Sixth Edition Thymic carcinoids – Addisonian pigmentation Cancer 71:106-111, 1993

Adenocarcinoma of the lung with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome Arch Int Med 142:1387-1389, 1982 Cachectic state associated with neoplasms Rook p.1781, 1998, Sixth Edition Paraneoplastic corticotropin production Ann Hematol 82:448-451, 2003

Bronze baby syndrome – gray-brown pigmentation after phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates; requires liver disease; confused with central cyanosis, carbon baby syndrome, gray baby syndrome Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.110, 2001; JAAD 12:325-328, 1985; Ped Res 17:327-330, 1983; J Pediatr 88:461-464, 1976; JAMA 208:1703, 1969 Phototherapy of neonatal jaundice – darkening of treated areas J Pediatr 82:1042-1043, 1973 Phytophotodermatitis Tanning – immediate and prolonged tanning Rook p.1786-1787, 1998, Sixth Edition

Acanthosis nigricans, generalized Ped Derm 18:213-216, 2001 Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis Disseminated dermal melanocytosis BJD 101:197-205, 1979 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation; may be generalized or of neck, upper trunk, arms and leg with or without keratoderma (punctate keratoses); cutaneous atrophy, nail dystrophy Clin Genet 15:228-238, 1979 Human chimerae with pigment anomalies Idiopathic eruptive macular hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 13:274-277, 1996; JAAD 11:159, 1984 Melanism – autosomal dominant; diffuse hyperpigmentation, especially of face and flexures Bull Acadr Med Belg 13:397-428, 1948

Acquired generalized lentiginosis Eur J Dermatol 8:183-185, 1998 Berlin syndrome – mottled pigmentation and leukoderma Breast hypertrophy, erythema annulare centrifugum, generalized melanoderma, verrucae vulgaris and SLE Acta DV (Stockh) 52:33, 1972 Costello syndrome – diffuse hyperpigmentation; warty papules around nose and mouth, legs, perianal skin; loose skin of neck, hands, and feet; acanthosis nigricans; low set protuberant ears, thick palmoplantar surfaces with single palmar crease, gingival hyperplasia, hypoplastic nails, moderately short stature, craniofacial abnormalities, hyperextensible fingers, sparse curly hair, perianal and vulvar papules, generalized hypertrichosis, multiple nevi Ped Derm 20:447-450, 2003; JAAD 32:904-907, 1995; Aust Paediat J 13:114-118, 1977 Cronkhite-Canada syndrome – diffuse hyperpigmentation with accentuationn of face, neck, extremities, palms and palmar aspects of fingers Ann DV 112:951-958, 1985 Degos-Touraine syndrome – incontinentia pigmenti with poikiloderma in photodistribution, bullae of face, extremities; chronic erythroderma with subsequent hyperpigmentation Soc Gr Dermatol Syph 68:6-10, 1961 Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis J Dermatol 24:266-269, 1997 Diffuse pigmentation of trunk and neck with subsequent white macules Proc R Soc Med 48:179-180, 1955 Diffuse pigmentation with macular depigmentation of trunk with reticulate pigmentation of neck Hautarzt 6:458-460, 1955 Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria Ann DV 128:136-138, 2001 Dyskeratosis congenita – X-linked recessive; reticulate hyperpigmentation (poikiloderma) of neck, chest, thighs; nail

dystrophy, oral, ocular, and anal leukoplakia J Med Genet 25:843-846, 1988 Elejalde syndrome (neuroectodermal lysosomal disease) – bronze skin, silver hair AD 135:182-186, 1999 Epidermal melanocytosis – congenital generalized hyperpigmentation AD 86:412-418, 1962 Epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis with mottled pigmentation and palmoplantar keratoderma AD 122:900-908, 1986 Familial pigmentation with nail dystrophy – congenital generalized hyperpigmentation AD 71:591-598, 1955 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation (congenital generalized hyperpigmentation, hereditary universal melanosis) AD 125:1442-1443, 1989; AD 103:581-588, 1971 Fanconi’s syndrome (pancytopenia with congenital defects) – generalized olive-brown hyperpigmentation, especially of lower trunk, flexures, and neck with depigmented macules (rain droplike); hypoplastic anemia, slender build, short broad thumbs, tapered fingers, microcephaly, hypogonadism Semin Hematol 4:233-240, 1967 Felty’s syndrome Franceschetti-Jadassohn-Naegeli syndrome – generalized reticulated hyperpigmentation, accentuated in neck and axillae; palmoplantar keratoderma; hypohidrosis JAAD 10:1-16, 1984 Hurler’s (MPS I), Hurler-Scheie, Scheie syndromes – generalized hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin Ped Derm 21:154-159, 2004 Incontinentia pigmenti Koraxitrachitic syndrome – self-healing collodion baby with residual dappled atrophy Am J Med Genet 86:454-458, 1999 Lawrence-Seip syndrome (lipoatrophic diabetes) J Dermatol 19:246-249, 1992; Acta DV 66:173-174, 1986 Neurocutaneous melanosis Neurofibromatosis type I Noonan’s syndrome – diffuse hyperpigmentation following bilateral adrenalectomy Rook p.1763, 1998, Sixth Edition Pachyonychia congenita with cutaneous amyloidosis and rippled hyperpigmentation JAAD 16:935-940, 1987 Pachyonychia congenita, Tidman-Wells-MacDonald type Parana hard skin syndrome (stiff skin syndrome) Ped Derm 20:339-341, 2003; Ped Derm 19:67-72, 2002 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis POEMS syndrome (Takatsuki syndrome, Crowe-Fukase syndrome) – generalized hyperpigmentation, osteosclerotic bone lesions, peripheral polyneuropathy, hypothyroidism, and hypogonadism, cutaneous angiomas, blue dermal papules associated with Castleman’s disease (benign reactive angioendotheliomatosis), diffuse hyperpigmentation, morphea-like changes, maculopapular brown-violaceous lesions, purple nodules JAAD 44:324-329, 2001; JAAD 40:808-812, 1999; Cutis 61:329-334, 1998 ; JAAD 21:1061-1068, 1989; JAAD 12:961-964, 1985; AD 124:695-698, 1988 Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II – Schmidt’s syndrome Proteus syndrome Symmetric acropigmentation of Dohi (Addison’s disease, thyroid disease with or without diabetes) Cutis 59:77-80, 1997 Tuberous sclerosis – diffuse bronzing Universal dyschromatosis, small stature, and high tone deafness Werner’s syndrome (pangeria) – diffuse hyperpigmentation Medicine 45:177-221, 1966

Winchester syndrome – thickening, hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis, gum and lip hypertrophy, corneal opacities, musculoskeletal abnormalities Ped Derm 21:154-159, 2004 Xeroderma pigmentosum Rook p.1779, 1998, Sixth Edition

Arsenic – diffuse pigmentation, especially of trunk; with depigmentation yielding rain-drop appearance Rook p.1785, 1998, Sixth Edition Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome – L-tryptophan

HYPERPIGMENTATION, PARONYCHIAL AIDS Arsenic poisoning – at 3 months BJD 149:757-762, 2003 AZT S/P biopsy Bowen’s disease Chemotherapy Congenital nevus Ethnic pigmentation Laugier-Hunziker syndrome Malnutrition Melanoma – Hutchinson’s sign Minocycline Peutz-Jegher syndrome Pseudo-Hutchinson’s sign Radiation therapy Regressing nevoid melanosis of childhood Subungual hematoma Trauma

Allergic contact dermatitis – pigmented poison ivy; pigmentation due to optical whiteners BJD 81:799-803, 1976; azo-dye coupling agents Contact Dermatitis 2:129-134, 1976; fragrances, fungicides Rook p.754, 1998, Sixth Edition Dermatitis herpetiformis Rook p.1890, Sixth Edition Dermatomyositis Graft vs. host disease, chronic – poikilodermatous hyperpigmentation BJD 92:589, 1975; hyperpigmented macules with scale (leopard skin) AD 138:924-934, 2002 Lupus erythematosus – melanonychia JAAD 47:S187-188, 2002; neonatal lupus erythematosus; discoid LE Morphea – linear morphea; morphea profunda with overlying hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 8:292-295, 1991 Scleroderma, CREST syndrome Sjögren’s syndrome Ghatan p.175, 2002, Second Edition

Congenital melanosis and hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 15:290-292, 1998 Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma

Hyperpigmentation of vulva, scrotum, linea nigra, and nails Eichenfeld p.97, 2001 Normal racial linear brown pigmented bands of nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Pigmentary mosaicism – phylloid mosaic pigmentation Universal acquired melanosis (carbon baby)

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy JAAD 35:843-845, 1996

ACTH administration Actinomycin D – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Adriamycin Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Amiodarone – blue-gray pigmentation of sun-exposed areas; also yellow-brown pigmentation of the cornea JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Amodaquine Anthralin – brown or orange nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Antimalarials – blue-gray pigmentation of face, neck, forearms, lower legs AD 88:419-426, 1963; yellow and blue pigmentation of pretibial areas and hard palate JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; blue-black pigmentation of skin, face, hard palate, subungually Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Atabrine (mepacrine) – greenish-yellow pigmentation of face, hands, feet; then diffuse Am J Med Sci 192:645-650, 1936 AZT – nail and mucous membrane hyperpigmentation Bolognia p.980, 2003 BCNU topical – hyperpigmentation at site of application Bolognia p.978, 2003 Birth control pills Bismuth – generalized hyperpigmentation resembling argyria and/or blue-black line at the gingival margin JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Bleomycin – flagellate hyperpigmentation JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; focal hyperpigmentation on elbows, knees, and hands AD 107:553-555, 1973; palmar creases JAAD 40:367-398, 1999; limited to striae JAAD 28:503-505, 1993; brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Busulfan Bolognia p.978, 2003; Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Capecitabine acral dysesthesia syndrome – hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hands and feet of blacks Cutis 73:101-106, 2004 Carbidopa – darkening of hair Clin Exp Dermatol 14:317-318, 1989 Carotene Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Chemotherapy – under adhesive bandages after chemotherapy – linear, annular and diffuse hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 8:231-235, 1991 Chemotherapy-induced eccrine neutrophilic hidradenitis JAAD 40:367-398, 1999 Chloroquine Chlorpromazine – slate-gray hyperpigmentation in sun-exposed areas JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; longitudinal pigment bands in neonates of mothers ingesting chlorpromazine Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.512, 2001 Clofazamine – initially red, then violaceous brown pigmentation in lesional areas BJD 81:794-795, 1969 Coal tar, topical

Cyclophosphamide – black longitudinal or transverse bands of the nails, brown lines on the teeth, or widespread hyperpigmentation or limited to palms and soles JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Cyclosporine – hair darkening; hyperpigmentation of nails, palms and soles, teeth Bolognia p.978, 2003; Int J Derm 38:229-230, 1999 Daunorubicin Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Desipramine J Clin Psychopharmacol 13:76-77, 1993 Diltiazem – reticulated, blue-gray, photodistributed hyperpigmentation in black patients Cutis 73:239-240, 2004; JAAD 46:468-469, 2004; AD 137:179-182, 2001 Doxorubicin – gray to black horizontal nail bands, hyperpigmentation of palmar creases, buccal mucosa, and face JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Doxycyline – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Etretinate – darkening of hair JAAD 34:860, 1996 Fixed drug eruptions Rook p.1785-1786, 1998, Sixth Edition 5-fluoruracil – supravenous hyperpigmentation JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Gold (chrysiasis) – slate-blue hyperpigmentation around the eyes and in sun-exposed areas JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; oral gold with laser therapy AD 131:1411-1414, 1995 Heavy metals Hydantoin – melasma-like Dermatologica 129:121-139, 1964 Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxyurea – nail pigmentation (brown nail discoloration) AD 135:818-820, 1999; longitudinal and/or diffuse JAAD 47:146-147, 2002; hyperpigmentation over pressure areas and back Bolognia p.978, 2003; AD 111:183-187, 1975 Imipramine – slate-gray hyperpigmentation in sun-exposed areas JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Interferon and ribavirin therapy BJD 149:390-394, 2003 Intramuscular iron injections Iron – intramuscular iron injections Isoniazid Ketoconazole – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Latanaprost (prostaglandin F2 analog) eyedrops – eyelash darkening Arch Ophthalmol 115:1206-1208, 1997 Mechlorethamine, topical Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Melphalan – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Methotrexate Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Minocycline – gray or blue-gray hyperpigmentation in areas of previous inflammation, on mucous membranes, and pretibial areas JAAD 44:342-347, 2001; JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Mithramycin – prominent erythema of face followed by hyperpigmentaion JAAD 39:524-525, 1998 Mitomycin Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Nitrogen mustard – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition p-amino benzoic acid – darkening of hair Rook p.3395, 1998, Sixth Edition Pefloxacin – blue-black pigmentation of legs AD 131:856-857, 1995 Phenothiazines – blue-gray or brown photopigmentation Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition Psoralen – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition PUVA – darkening of hair BJD 146:325-329, 2002

Quinine – hyperpigmentation of arms Cutis 75:114-116, 2005 Radiation recall – erythema, vesiculation, erosions, hyperpigmentation; dactinomycin and doxorubicin Mayo Clin Proc 55:711-715, 1980; edatrexate, melphalan, etoposide, vinblastine, bleomycin, fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, methotrexate Rook p.3469, 1998, Sixth Edition Stem cell factor – subcutaneous injections of human recombinant stem cell factors Cutis 71:149-152, 2003; JAAD 33:577-583, 1995 Sulfasalazine – reversible hyperpigmentation Am J Gastroenterol 87:1654-1657, 1992 Sulfonamides – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Sulfones Tamoxifen – darkening of hair BJD 132:483-484, 1995 Tetracycline – teeth Rook p.3051, 1998, Sixth Edition; brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Thiotepa Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition; pigmentation under bandages AD 125:524-527, 1989 Verapamil – darkening of hair Lancet 338:1520, 1991 Zidovudine JAAD 46:284-293, 2002

Accidental tattoos Argyria – silvery or slate-gray pigmentation of sun-exposed areas (forehead, nose, hands); may be generalized Rook p.1794, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Kidney Dis 37:1048-1051, 2001; BJD 104:19-26, 1981; AD 114:373-377, 1978; exogenous argyria BJD 144:191-192, 2001 Chloracne – halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons – chloronaphthalenes, chlorobiphenyls, chlorobiphenyl oxides used as dielectrics in conductors and insulators, chlorophenols in insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and wood preservatives Am J Ind Med 5:119-125, 1989 Cigarette smoking – brown teeth, fingers Rook p.3051, 1998, Sixth Edition Clothing dermatitis – pigmentation in flexures Rook p.1794, 1998, Sixth Edition Coal tar products – pitch, asphalt, creosote – diffuse melanosis of exposed skin; evolves to atrophy, telangiectasia, lichenoid papules, follicular keratosis Rook p.1791, 1998, Sixth Edition Collier’s stripes Copper – green hair from swimming-pool algicides, copper household pipes Cutis 56:37-40, 1995; green skin – copper bracelet, copper eyeglass frames Drug abuse NEJM 277:473-475, 1967; soot tattooing NY State J Med 68:3129-3134, 1968 Ferric sulfate, ferric chloride – red-brown tattoo Rook p.1813, 1998, Sixth Edition Formaldehyde – gray nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Gentian violet – purple nails; gray nails Ghatan p.79, 2002, Second Edition Green hair – copper exposure Herbal potions Int J Dermatol 30:186-189, 1991 Hydroquinone – topical; exogeneous ochronosis; gray nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Iodine – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Jewelry cleanser – hypo-and hyperpigmentation Mercury – skin lightening creams in skin folds and eyelids JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; Int J Dermatol 30:186-189, 1991 Nail polish, nail hardeners – brown or orange hyperpigmentation Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition

Ochronosis, exogenous – due to benzene-containing substances, hydroquinone, mercury, phenol, quinine injections, resorcinol, antimalarials Am J Clin Dermatol 2:213-217, 2001; JAAD 42:869-871, 2000; JAAD 39:527-544, 1998; Cutis 62:11-12, 1998; BJD 93:613-622, 1975; hydroquinones – speckled hyperpigmentation JAAD 29:662-664, 1993 Riehl’s melanosis – pigmented contact dermatitis due to fragrances JAAD 21:1057-1060, 1989; hyperpigmentation of face (forehead and temples), chest, neck, scalp, hands, forearms – tar compounds and cosmetics Rook p.1790, 1998, Sixth Edition Silver nitrate – gray nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Stain Tattoo, accidental; tattoo pigment fanning – periorbital hyperpigmentation Cutis 68:53-55, 2001 Tea – brown stained teeth Rook p.3051, 1998, Sixth Edition

AIDS – photodermatitis, lichenoid dermatitis Aspergillus – green nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Candida Epidermophyton floccosum – green nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Erythrasma – intertriginous and perigenital; Corynebacterium minutissimum; red to brown irregularly shaped and sharply marginated scaly and slightly creased patches of groin, axillae, intergluteal, submammary flexures, toe webs coral-red fluorescence with Wood’s light examination due to coproporphyrin; toe clefts are most frequent location; acanthosis nigricans and normal follicular openings of face and trunk may show coral pink fluorescence Rev Infect Dis 4:1220-1235, 1982 HTLV-1 – hyperpigmented facial dermatitis Leishmaniasis – kala-azar; Leishmania donovani – pedal edema; primary ulcer; hyperpigmented skin of face, hands, feet abdomen Rook p.1419, 1998, Sixth Edition; post-kala-azar leishmaniasis Lyme borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi ) – acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans – red to blue nodules or plaques; tissue-paper-like wrinkling; pigmented; poikilodermatous; hands, feet, elbows, knees BJD 121:263-269, 1989:Int J Derm 18:595-601, 1979 Millipede defensive secretions – mahogany pigmentation Cutis 67:452, 2001; Ped Derm 8:25-27, 1991; periorbital hyperpigmentation JAAD 50:819-842, 2004 Onchocerciasis – inflammatory rash with hyperpigmentation (mal morado) Rook p.1383, 1998, Sixth Edition Pediculosis – body louse (Vagabond’s disease) Pinta – tertiary (late phase) – gray, steel, ashy, bluish spotted hyperpigmentation Rook p.1274, 1998, Sixth Edition Portuguese man-of-war sting Pseudomonas – green nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Rubella, congenital – hyperpigmentation of forehead, cheeks, umbilical area; seborrhea, cutis marmorata JAAD 46:161-183, 2002; J Pediatr 71:311-331, 1967 Syphilis, secondary – diffuse hyperpigmentation of neck and shoulders with depigmented macules (mottled) Rook p.1786, 1998, Sixth Edition; brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Tinea corporis Tinea nigra palmaris – Phaeoannelomyces werneckii Ped Derm 20:315-317, 2003; AD 11:904-905, 1975 Tinea versicolor Semin Dermatol 4:173-184, 1985 Yaws

Amyloidosis, macular BJD 145:851-852, 2001; Rook p.2628-2630, 1998, Sixth Edition; primary cutaneous amyloidosis – periorbital hyperpigmentation Clin Exp Derm 8:195-197, 1983; lichen and macular amyloidosis AD 133:381-386, 1997; BJD 84:199-209, 1971; primary localized cutaneous amyloid AD 123:1557-1562, 1987 Mastocytosis – urticaria pigmentosa Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition

Celiac disease – darkening of hair BJD 146:325-329, 2002 Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis – hyperpigmented and/or poikilodermatous plaques JAAD 46:892-899, 2002; Am J Dermatopathol 21:320-323, 1999 Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation – in blacks especially in acne vulgaris, dermatitis, lichenification, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, CTCL, lichen planus, fixed drug eruptions, lupus erythematosus Rook p.1786, 1998, Sixth Edition; Cutis 32:352-360, 1983; post-inflammatory darkening of hair BJD 146:325-329, 2002; vulvar Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby, 1998, p.189 Sarcoid Am J Med 35:67-89, 1963

Addison’s disease – darkening of hair and nevi Rook p.1779,2706, 1998, Sixth Edition; perianal hyperpigmentation Rook p.3179, 1998, Sixth Edition; linear brown hyperpigmention of nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Androgen excess – hyperpigmentation of areolae, axillae, external genitalia, perineum Ghatan p.165, 2002, Second Edition Carcinoid syndrome – pellagrous dermatitis (skin fragility, erythema, and hyperpigmentation over knuckles), flushing, patchy cyanosis, hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, pellagrous dermatitis, salivation, lacrimation, abdominal cramping, wheezing, diarrhea BJD 152:71-75, 2005; AD 77:86-90, 1958 Cirrhosis – circumscribed areas of hyperpigmentation with accentuation of freckling, areolar pigmentation, perioral and periorbital pigmentation JAAD 43:1-16, 2000 Cryoglobulinemia – reticulated pigmentation due to resolved livedo reticularis Fanconi’s anemia Folic acid deficiency – hyperpigmentation of the flexures; finger and palmar creases, knuckles; spotty pigmentation of palms and soles JAAD 12:914-917, 1985 Gaucher’s disease – melasma-like pigmentation of face, neck, hands; symmetric pigmentation of lower legs with sharp lower margin and irregular upper margin; hyperpigmented wedgeshaped thickening of bulbar conjunctiva Rook p.1778-1779, 1998, Sixth Edition Hemochromatosis Medicine 34:381-430, 1955 Hemolytic anemia – hyperpigmentation and hemosiderosis of lower legs Rook p.1783,1794, 1998, Sixth Edition Hyperthyroidism – patchy hyperpigmentation or diffuse Addisonian hyperpigmentation sparing oral mucosa JAAD 26:885-902, 1992; hyperpigmentation of eyelids (Jellinek’s sign); melasmic hyperpigmentation BJD 76:126-139, 1964 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with iron overload – legs Kwashiorkor – facial pigmentation; vitamin B complex deficiency, folic acid deficiency, iron deficiency, tryptophan Cutis 67:321-327, 2001

Liver disease, chronic – diffuse muddy gray hyperpigmentation with accentuation in perioral, periorbital, and areolar regions Rook p.2725, 1998, Sixth Edition Malabsorption Malnutrition – brown bands of nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Int J Derm 33:605-617, 1994; Rook p.2306, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 18:530-537, 1988 Nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B12 Cutis 61:229-232, 1998 Ochronosis – generalized hyperpigmentation with accentuation over cheeks, forehead, axillae, and genitalia, buccal mucosa, nails; chromhidrosis Rook p.2649, 1998, Sixth Edition; brown eyelids Rook p.2985, 1998, Sixth Edition Pancreatic panniculitis – heal with post-inflammatory hyperpigmented spots Rook p.2414,2727, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 34:362-364, 1996; Arthritis Rheum 22:547-553, 1979; Am J Gastroenterol 83:177-179, 1988 Pellagra – after acute photosensitivity subsides, dusky red-brown hyperpigmentation remains Rook p.2659, 1998, Sixth Edition Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) – diffuse or mottled of face, hands, and feet J Dermatol 28:282-285, 2001; – hyperpigmentation of the flexures; finger and palmar creases, knuckles; pigmented bands of nails AD 122:896-899, 1986 Porphyrias – hereditary coproporphyia, congenital erythropoietic porphyria Semin Liver Dis 2:154-63, 1982; porphyria cutanea tarda – hyperpigmentation limited to the legs AD 125:297-299, 1989; darkening of hair BJD 146:325-329, 2002; variegate porphyria Wien Klin Wochenschr 50:830-831, 1937; BMJ ii:89, 1955; hepatoerythropoietic porphyria AD 116:307-313, 1980 Pregnancy – hyperpigmentation including melasma, linea nigra, neck, nipples, anogenital skin Rook p.1780,3269, 1998, Sixth Edition; brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Scurvy Sickle cell anemia – hemosiderin deposition of legs Rook p.1794,2736, 1998, Sixth Edition Thalassemia – leg ulcers with shiny pigmented skin Rook p.2266, 1998, Sixth Edition Vitamin B6 deficiency – scrotal hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 16:95-102, 1999

Anal intraepithelial neoplasia – perianal hyperpigmented patches, white and/or red plaques JAAD 52:603-608, 2005 Becker’s nevus Arch Dermatol Syphilol 60:155-160, 1949 Benign vulvar melanosis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.187, 1998 Blue nevus, cellular – periorbital pigmentation Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.89, 1999 Bowen’s disease – linear longitudinal melanonychia JAAD 39:490-493, 1998; AD 129:1043-1048, 1993; vulvar Bowen’s disease Ann DV 109:811-812, 1982; Cancer 14:318-329, 1961 Breast cancer – pigmented breast carcinoma AD 125:536-539, 1989 Café au lait macule

Ataxia telangiectasia JAAD 10:431-438, 1984 Bloom’s syndrome Cafe au lait macules and pulmonary stenosis – Watson’s syndrome

Cafe au lait macules and ring chromosome 11 Cafe au lait macules and temporal dysrhythmia (Verner’s syndrome) Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome AD 129:446-447, 1993 McCune-Albright syndrome Neurofibromatosis

Segmental Solitary

Dermal dendrocyte hamartoma – medallion-like; annular brown or red congenital lesion of central chest with slightly atrophic wrinkled surface JAAD 51:359-363, 2004 Eccrine nevus – macular or depressed brown patch JAAD 51:301-304, 2004 Ephelides Eruptive vellus hair cysts Fat-storing hamartoma of dermal dendrocytes – patch of lumbosacral hyperpigmentation AD 126:794-796, 1990 Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS – flat lesions JAAD 38:143-175, 1998; JAAD 22:1237-1250, 1990 Large-cell acanthoma – macular hyperpigmentation Cutis 47:97-100, 1991 Large plaque parapsoriasis Lentigines – generalized lentiginosis, zosteriform, eruptive, LEOPARD syndrome, central facial, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome; genital lentigines in the presence of lichen sclerosus JAAD 50:690-694, 2004 Lentigo maligna Leukemia cutis mimicking stasis dermatitis Cutis 35:47-8, 1985 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Dermatology 192:360-363, 1996; evolving from pigmented purpuric eruptions; CD8 + CTCL – focal hyperpigmentation AD 138:199-203, 2002; lymphomatoid granulomatosis (angiocentric lymphoma) – red, brown, or violaceous plaques with epidermal atrophy and purpura JAAD 20:571-578, 1989; AD 124:571-576, 1988; Hodgkin’s disease – Addisonian pigmentation of nipples, axillae, groin; widespread or patchy Rook p.2392, 1998, Sixth Edition Melanoacanthoma Melanocytic agminated nevus of the sole BJD 146:154, 2002 Melanocytic nevi – melanocytic nevi of genitalia in the presence of lichen sclerosus JAAD 50:690-694, 2004; congenital melanocytic nevus epidermolysis bullosa nevi BJD 153:97-102, 2005 Melanoma – in situ melanoma; lentigo maligna; acral lentiginous melanoma; melanoma of the vulva JAAD 50:293-298, 2004; Int J Gynecol Cancer 11:359-364, 2001; Cancer 86:1273-1284, 1999; metastatic melanoma – periorbital gray pigmentation Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.83, 1999 Metastatic breast carcinoma – brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Mongolian spot Eichenfeld p.96, 2001; Rook p.1791-1792, 1998, Sixth Edition Neurilemmomatosis – nodule JAAD 10:344-354, 1984 Nevus of Ito (nevus fuscoceruleus acromio-deltoideus) Rook p.1731-1732, 1998, Sixth Edition; Tohou J Exp Med 60:10-20, 1954 Nevus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris) BJD 67:317-319, 1955 Nevus spilus (speckled and lentiginous nevus) Ped Derm 13:250-252, 1996; AD 114:895-896, 1978 Paget’s disease – vulvar pigmented extramammary Paget’s disease; hyperpigmented plaque BJD 142:1190-1194, 2000

Pagetoid dyskeratosis JAAD 50:483-484, 2004 Plexiform neurofibroma – patchy hyperpigmentation of overlying skin Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.402, 2001 Seborrheic keratosis Smooth muscle hamartoma JAAD 46:477-490, 2002 Vulvar lentigines Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.187, 1998 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia – red-brown or violaceous macules – neoplastic B-cell infiltrates AD 120:778-781, 1984

Actinic lichen planus – hyperpigmented patches of the face AD 135:1543-1548, 1999; tropical lichen planus (lichenoid melanodermatitis) BJD 101:651-658, 1979; mimicking melasma JAAD 18:275-278, 1988 Berloque dermatitis AD 90:572-576, 1964 Ephelides (freckles) – autosomal dominant Rook p.1771, 1998, Sixth Edition Melasma – upper lip, cheeks, forehead, chin Rook p.3383, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 15:894-899, 1986; JAAD 4:698-710, 1981 Phototherapy of neonatal jaundice – darkening of treated areas J Pediatr 82:1042-1043, 1973 Phytophotodermatitis, including lime phototoxicity Rook p.1787, 1998, Sixth Edition Poikiloderma of Civatte Ann Dermatol Syphilol 9:381-420, 1938 Sunburns

Acanthosis nigricans Am J Public Health 84:1839-1842, 1994 Acquired dermal melanocytosis – blue-black JAAD 45:609-613, 2001 Acrogeria – mottled hyperpigmentation of acral skin BJD 142:178-180, 2000 Acromelanosis – black patients JAAD 2:128-131, 1980; Cutis 5:1119-1120, 1969 Acromelanosis progressiva AD 86:412-418, 1962 Atrophoderma of Moulin – acquired atrophic pigmented bandlike lesions following Blaschko’s lines JAAD 49:492-498, 2003; Ann DV 119:729-736, 1992 Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini Dermatol 190:203-206, 1995; JAAD 30:441-446, 1994; Int J Derm 10:643-645, 1984 Axillary apocrine chromhidrosis AD 124:494-496, 1988 Chromhidrosis – black, violet, blue, brown, yellow, green, rarely red Rook p.2001, 1998, Sixth Edition Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis Cutis tricolor – hyper-and hypopigmented lesions with a background of normal skin Eur J Pediatr 159:745-749, 2000 Dentinogenesis imperfecta – brown stained hypoplastic teeth Rook p.3051, 1998, Sixth Edition Dowling-Degos disease (reticulated pigmentary anomaly of the flexures) AD 114:1150-1157, 1978 Dyschromatosis universalis Epidermolysis bullosa simplex herpetiformis (Dowling-Meara) with mottled pigmentation Ped Derm 13:306-309, 1996 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation of neck, upper trunk, arms and leg with or without keratoderma (punctate palmoplantar keratoses); cutaneous atrophy, nail dystrophy BJD 150:609-611, 2004; JAAD 15:1289-1291, 1986; Clin Genet 15:228-238, 1979

Erythema annulare centrifugum – hyperpigmentation, rarely Rook p.2088, 1998, Sixth Edition; Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 71:450-452, 1964 Erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis) – blue-gray patches with red raised margins; coalesce over face, trunk, and extremities; hypo-and hypermelanotic macules resembling late pinta Cutis 68:25-28, 2001; AD 124:1258-1260, 1988; Int J Derm 24:630-633, 1985 Erythema elevatum diutinum – healed Rook p.2194, 1998, Sixth Edition; giant annuli BJD 143:415-420, 2000 Erythromelanosis follicularis of face and neck – red-brown pigmentation with telangiectasias, follicular papules JAAD 32:863-866, 1995 Erythrose peribuccale pigmentaire of Brocq – diffuse brown pigmentation around mouth with narrow perioral sparing; central face, forehead, angles of jaw, temples Rook p.1791, 1998, Sixth Edition Facial hyperpigmentation in Africans – bleaching creams, mercury, photosensitizing herbs, fixed drug eruptions, melasma Int J Derm 30:186-191, 1991 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Follicularis faciei et colli Hematohidrosis Rook p.2001, 1998, Sixth Edition Human chimera with pigment anomalies BJD 103:489-498, 1980 Hyperpigmented macules of palms and soles in blacks Int J Dermatol 18:222-225, 1979 Lichen planus Rook p.1904-1912, 1998, Sixth Edition; lichen planus pigmentosus JAAD 21:815, 1989; Dermatologica 149:43-50, 1974; lichen planus tropicus Lichen simplex chronicus – in blacks Rook p.3247, 1998, Sixth Edition; vulvar lichen simplex chronicus JAAD 23:982-984, 1990 Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis JAAD 19:1037-1044, 1988; Ped Derm 10:156-158, 1993 vs. Chimerism

Conradi-Hünermann syndrome (streaked hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis) JAAD 21:248-256, 1989 Dyschromatosis universalis Early epidermal nevus Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Hypomelanosis of Ito Incontinentia pigmenti

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Notalgia paresthetica JAAD 18:25-30, 1988; Cutis 23:471-473, 1973 Occupational melanosis Periorbital hyperpigmentation Rook p.2984-2985, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 100:169-174, 1969

Familial Lichen planus Mercurial preparations – blue or gray-brown Post-traumatic Psoralens in cosmetics Silver preparations – blue or gray-brown

Pigmentary lines of demarcation Type A – Futcher’s lines, Voigt’s lines – dorsoventral line on the upper anterior aspects of the arms Type B – posteromedial aspect of legs Type C – pair of vertical hypopigmented lines over the presternal region Type D – posteromedian line, hyperpigmented over midback in Asians Type E – periareolar hypopigmentation in black children

Pigmentary mosaicism – phylloid hyperpigmentation BJD 149:414-416, 2003 Pityriasis rotunda Progressive cribriform and zosteriform hyperpigmentation AD 114:98-99, 1978 Prurigo pigmentosa Cutis 63:99-102, 1999; BJD 120:705-708, 1989; AD 125:1551-1554, 1989; JAAD 12:165-169, 1985 Pseudo-ochronosis Scleredema of Buschke (pseudoscleroderma) – with IgGlambda paraproteinemia; hyperpigmentation of involved skin AD 123:629-632, 1987 Subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon-Wilkinson – pustules which expand to annular and serpiginous lesions with scaly edge; heal with hyperpigmentation J Dermatol 27:669-672, 2000; Cutis 61:203-208, 1998; JAAD 19:854-858, 1988; BJD 68:385-394, 1956 Terra firme (Diogenes syndrome) – self-neglect Lancet i:366-368, 1975 Transient neonatal pustular melanosis Vitiligo, pigmented Zosteriform reticulate hyperpigmentation

Factitial chromhidrosis Rook p.2804, 1998, Sixth Edition; factitial pigmentation (dermatitis simulata) J R Coll Physicians Lond 17:199-205, 1983

Acromelanosis progressiva – autosomal recessive; sharply demarcated pigmented patches of the dorsal fingers of infants, spread to head, neck, perineum, and extremities JAAD 10:1-16, 1984 Albright’s syndrome Anonychia with bizarre flexural pigmentation – autosomal dominant, absent nails, dry peeling palmoplantar skin, coarse and sparse frontal hair; mottled hyper-and hypopigmentation of the axillae, groin, and natal cleft BJD 92:469-474, 1975 Ataxia telangiectasia Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Bannayan-Riley-Ruvulcaba syndrome – pigmented macules (CALMs) on penis and vulva AD 132:1214-1218, 1996 Bazex syndrome Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome – congenital hypotrichosis, follicular atrophoderma, basal cell nevi and basal cell carcinomas, facial milia, hypohidrosis, pinched nose with hypoplastic alae, atopy with comedones, keratosis pilaris, joint hypermobility, scrotal tongue, hyperpigmentation of the forehead BJD 153:682-684, 2005; Dermatol Surg 26:152-154, 2000; Hautarzt 44:385-391, 1993 Beare-Stevenson syndrome – cutis gyrata (furrowed skin), corrugated forehead, acanthosis nigricans, macular hyperpigmentation of antecubital and popliteal fossae, hypertelorism, swollen lips, swollen fingers, prominent eyes, ear anomalies, and umbilical herniation Ped Derm 20:358-360, 2003 Becker’s syndrome – discrete or confluent brown macules of neck, forearms Arch Dermatol Syphilol 40:987-998, 1939 Bloom’s syndrome – irregular hyperpigmentation of trunk and extremities Syndromes of the Head and Neck p.298, 1990 Cantu’s syndrome – autosomal dominant; hyperpigmented macules of face, forearms, and feet, hyperkeratotic palms and soles Clin Genet 14:165-168, 1978 Carney syndrome

Centrofacial lentiginosis Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Congenital reticular ichthyosiform erythroderma (ichthyosis variegata) BJD 139:893-896, 1998 Cowden’s syndrome – acromelanosis Ghatan p.213, 2002, Second Edition Cronkhite-Canada syndrome – lentigo-like macules of face, extremities, and diffuse pigmentation of palms; gastrointestinal polyposis, malabsorption, alopecia, dystrophic nails AD 135:212, 1999; Cutis 61:229-232, 1998 Crouzon’s syndrome – hyperpigmentation and hyperelasticity Dyskeratosis congenita Familial Becker’s nevus Dermatologica 176:275-276, 1988 Familial mandibuloacral dysplasia – mottled hyperpigmentation of hands, feet, trunk, and extremities Familial melanopathy with gigantic melanocytes Familial multiple café au lait macules AD 130:1425-1426, 1994 Familial periorbital hyperpigmentation AD 100:169-174, 1969; Cutis 5:579, 1969 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation – macular hyperpigmentation of skin, oral, and ocular mucosa, whorls, streaks, and retiform patches Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995 Familial sea-blue histiocytosis – autosomal recessive; patchy gray pigmentation of face, upper chest, shoulders; eyelid edema, facial nodules Dermatologica 174:39-44, 1987 Familial transverse nasal hyperpigmentation J Hered 65:157-159, 1974 Generalized nevoid hyperpigmentation J Cutan Dis 37:687-701, 1919 Glucagonoma syndrome – resolution leaves pigmentation Goltz’s syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) – patchy hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 20:249-253, 2003 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome – freckling in sun-exposed skin Rook p.1797, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 19:217-255, 1988 Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome Incontinentia pigmenti Am J Dis Child 139:711-712, 1985; AD 112:535-542, 1976 Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis – hyperpigmentation of metacarpophalangeal joints and malleoli Ped Derm 21:154-159, 2004 Laugier-Hunziger syndrome LEOPARD syndrome – CALMs Ped Derm 13:100-104, 1996 Localized hereditary pruritus McCune-Albright syndrome (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia) – giant café au lait macules Ped Derm 8:35-39, 1991; Dermatol Clin 5:193-203, 1987 MELAS syndrome – mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis – reticulated hyperpigmentation JAAD 41:469-473, 1999 Mitochondrial DNA syndrome – mottled hyperpigmentation Pediatrics 103:428-433, 1999; JAAD 39:819-823, 1998 Mottled pigmentation of neck and elbows Z Haut-u Geschl Krankh 32:33-44, 1962 Moynahan’s syndrome – lentigines, congenital mitral stenosis, dwarfism, mental retardation, genital hypoplasia Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome (MEN IIB) – perioral or periocular hyperpigmentation, lentigines, or freckles NAME/LAMB syndromes; MEN IIA – hyperkeratosis and hyperpigmentation in localized pruritic patch between the scapulae JAAD 42:939-969, 2000 Neurofibromatosis, including enlarging hyperpigmented plaque; plaque type neurofibroma AD 140:751-756, 2004

Niemann-Pick disease – autosomal recessive; sphingomyelinase deficiency; indurated hyperpigmented patches of cheeks Am J Dis Child 136:650-651, 1982 Noonan’s syndrome – early onset stasis dermatitis Pallister-Killian syndrome – i (12p) (tetrasomy 12p); tissue mosaicism; pigmentary mosaicism and localized alopecia Ped Derm 22:270-275, 2005 Parry-Romberg syndrome Ped Derm 21:48-50, 2004; JAAD 22:531-533, 1990 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome – lentigines; brown pigmented bands of nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica – coexistence of an organoid nevus (epidermal nevus) and a contralateral segmental lentiginous or papular speckled lentiginous nevus Dermatology 194:77-79, 1997 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis – port wine stain, oculocutaneous (dermal and scleral) melanosis, CNS manifestations; type I – PWS and linear epidermal nevus; type II – PWS and dermal melanocytosis (Mongolian spot); type III – PWS and nevus spilus; type IV – PWS, dermal melanocytosis, and nevus spilus J Dermatol 26:834-836, 1999; AD 121:651-653, 1985 Piebaldism – autosomal dominant; white forelock, white patches on upper chest, abdomen, extremities with islands of hyperpigmentation within JAAD 44:288-292, 2001; mutations and deletions of c-kit (steel factor receptor) Am J Hum Genet 56:58-66, 1995 POEMS syndrome (Takatsuki syndrome, Crowe-Fukase syndrome) – generalized or patchy hyperpigmentation, osteosclerotic bone lesions, peripheral polyneuropathy, hypothyroidism, and hypogonadism JAAD 40:507-535, 1999; Cutis 61:329-334, 1998; JAAD 21:1061-1068, 1989 Prader-Willi syndrome – hypopigmentation, mental retardation Am J Med Genet 40:454, 1991 Proteus syndrome – port wine stains, subcutaneous hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, lymphangioma circumscriptum, hemihypertrophy of the face, limbs, trunk; macrodactyly, cerebriform hypertrophy of palmar and/or plantar surfaces, macrocephaly; verrucous epidermal nevi, sebaceous nevi with hyper-or hypopigmentation Am J Med Genet 27:99-117, 1987; vascular nevi, soft subcutaneous masses; lipodystrophy, café au lait macules, linear and whorled macular pigmentation Am J Med Genet 27:87-97, 1987; Pediatrics 76:984-989, 1985; Eur J Pediatr 140:5-12, 1983 Punctate acrokeratoderma with pigmentary disorder BJD 128:693-695, 1993 Reticulate acropigmentation of Dohi Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura Rosai-Dorfman syndrome – hyperpigmented plaques BJD 145:323-326, 2001 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome AD 75:236-244, 1957 Russel-Silver syndrome Tay syndrome Ghatan p.6, 2002, Second Edition Tricho-odonto onycho-ectodermal dysplasia (linear dermal hypoplasia) – hypotrichosis, hypodontia, focal linear dermal hypoplasia of the tip of the nose, irregular hyperpigmentation of the back, bilateral amastia and athelia, nerve hearing loss AD 122:1047-1053, 1986 Trichothiodystrophy syndromes – BIDS, IBIDS, PIBIDS – hyperpigmented eyelids, poikiloderma, sparse or absent eyelashes and eyebrows, brittle hair, premature aging, sexual immaturity, ichthyosis, dysmyelination, bird-like facies, dental caries; trichothiodystrophy with ichthyosis, urologic malformations, hypercalciuria and mental and physical

retardation JAAD 44:891-920, 2001; Ped Derm 14:441-445, 1997 Trisomy 14 mosaicism syndrome – patchy reticulated hyperpigmentation resembling that of incontinentia pigmenti Syndromes of the Head and Neck, p.89, 1990 Unusual facies, vitiligo, canities, and progressive spastic paraplegia – hyperpigmentation of exposed areas Am J Med Genet 9:351-357, 1981 Werner’s syndrome Winchester syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum – acute sunburn, persistent erythema, freckling – initially discrete, then fuse to irregular patches of hyperpigmentation, dryness on sun-exposed areas; with time telangiectasias and small angiomas, atrophic white macules develop; vesiculobullous lesions, superficial ulcers lead to scarring, ectropion; multiple malignancies (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma, melanoma); photophobia, conjunctivitis, ectropion, symblepharon, neurologic abnormalities Adv Genet 43:71-102, 2001; Hum Mutat 14:9-22, 1999; Mol Med Today 5:86-94, 1999; Derm Surg 23:447-455, 1997; Dermatol Clin 13:169-209, 1995; Recent Results Cancer Res 128:275-297, 1993; AD 123:241-250, 1987; Ann Intern Med 80:221-248, 1974; XP variant AD 128:1233-1237, 1992

Arsenic – macular bronze pigmentation of the trunk; stippled hyper and hypopigmentation JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; JAAD 38:179-185, 1998; brown nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition, darkening of hair BJD 146:325-329, 2002; paronychial hyperpigmentation with arsenic poisoning at 3 months BJD 149:757-762, 2003 Lead – lead line of gums; pallor and lividity Rook p.1794, 1998, Sixth Edition Mustard gas exposure AD 129:245, 1993 PCB exposure – brown-gray nails Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.513, 2001

Biting of buccal mucosa – symmetric hyperpigmentation of chin BJD 82:40-41, 1970 Chewing trauma in mentally disabled Arch Dermatol Syphilol 65:458-463, 1952 Electron beam – darkening of hair BJD 146:325-329, 2002 Frictional hyperpigmentation JAAD 42:442-445, 2000 Intravenous drug abuse BJD 150:1-10, 2004 Nails – physical trauma, habit tic deformity, radiation Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Radiation dermatitis, acute Acta DV 49:64-71, 1969 Sympathectomy, surgical – localized hyperpigmentation Clin Exp Dermatol 5:349-350, 1980

Angiosarcoma of the breast post-irradiation for breast cancer – hyperpigmentation of breast with late thickening, edema, or induration JAAD 49:532-538, 2003 Arteritis – cutaneous arteritis – round, linear, reticulated hyperpigmentation JAAD 49:519-522, 2003 Lipodermatosclerosis – chronic venous insufficiency with hyperpigmentation, induration, inflammation Lancet ii:243-245, 1982

Pigmented purpuric eruptions including lichenoid pigmented purpuric eruption of Gougerot and Blum, Schamberg’s pigmented purpuric eruption, Majocchi’s, and others – hemosiderin Rook p.1794, 1998, Sixth Edition; lichen aureus Post-phlebitic syndrome – pain, edema, night cramps, hemosiderin deposition, dermatitis Phlebology 11:2-5, 1996 Stasis dermatitis – hemosiderin Urticarial vasculitis Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 23:201-216, 2002

Congenital segmental dermal melanocytosis AD 128:521-525, 1992

Fixed drug eruption, linear

Silver nitrate stain Walnut stain

Erythrasma Herpes zoster – post-zoster hyperpigmentation Tinea versicolor

Acquired nevus of Ota Becker’s nevus Café au lait macules

Ataxia telangiectasia JAAD 10:431-438, 1984 Bloom’s syndrome Café au lait macules and pulmonary stenosis (Watson’s syndrome) Café au lait macules and ring chromosome 11 Café au lait macules and temporal dysrhythmia (Verner’s syndrome) Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome AD 129:446-447, 1993 McCune Albright syndrome Neurofibromatosis

Segmental Solitary

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Congenital nevocytic nevus Lentiginosis Am J Dermatopathol 14:323-327, 1992; with ocular involvement JAAD 44:387-390, 2001; partial unilateral lentiginosis JAAD 44:387-390, 2001; agminated lentiginosis Ped Derm 11:241-245, 1994 Lentiginous nevus BJD 98:693-698, 1978 Melanocytic nevi – congenital, Spitz, blue, speckled lentiginous Acta DV 78:378-380, 1998; JAAD 27:853-854, 1992; congenital agminated segmental nevi BJD 133:315-316, 1995; congenital melanocytic nevus Melanoma JAAD 32:854-857, 1995

Nevus of Ito (nevus fuscoceruleus acromio-deltoideus) Rook p.1731-1732, 1998, Sixth Edition; Tohou J Exp Med 60:10-20, 1954 Nevus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris) BJD 67:317-319, 1955 Nevus spilus (zosteriform lentiginous nevus) (speckled and lentiginous nevus) Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; AD 107:902-905, 1973 Smooth muscle hamartoma Spitz nevi, agminated

Berloque dermatitis Ephelides

Acanthosis nigricans, nevoid – unilateral and localized Int J Dermatol 30:452-453, 1991 Acquired dermal melanocytosis (acquired nevus of Ota-like macules) JAAD 43:934-936, 2000 Lichen planus Partial unilateral lentiginosis JAAD 44:387-390, 2001; JAAD 29:693-695, 1993 Pigmentary mosaicism Progressive cribriform and zosteriform hyperpigmentation AD 114:98-99, 1978 Segmental dyschromatosis Segmental pigment disorder Acta DV 63:167-169, 1983 Zosteriform reticulate hyperpigmentation BJD 121:280, 1989; in children BJD 117:503-17, 1987; AD 114:98-99, 1978; unilateral dermatomal pigmentary dermatosis Semin Cut Med Surg 16:72-80, 1997; JAAD 27:763-764, 1992

Atrophoderma of Moulin – unilateral acquired atrophic pigmented band-like lesions following Blaschko’s lines Int J Dermatol 39:846-852, 2000; BJD 135:277-279, 1996; Ann DV 119:729-736, 1992 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Gastrocutaneous syndrome LEOPARD (multiple lentigines) syndrome McCune-Albright syndrome Neurofibromatosis, segmental Neurology 56:1433-1443, 2001; JAAD 37:864-869, 1997; Ped Derm 10:43-45, 1993; JAAD 23:866-869, 1990; AD 113:837-838, 1977 Russell-Silver syndrome Tuberous sclerosis Westerhof’s syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum

Lymphangioma circumscriptum Pigmented purpuric eruptions – lichen aureus Cutis 69:145-148, 2002; Hautarzt 49:135-138, 1998; Int J Derm 30:654-657, 1991; Int J Dermatol 30:654-655, 1991; Dermatologica 180:93-95, 1990; Hautarzt 40:373-375, 1989; unilateral Schamberg’s disease BJD 144:190-191, 2001