ABSTRACT
In large-scale organizations the drawing up of a job usually entails an assembly of procedures directed at the intended worker who stands at the far end of a downward communication chain. Once the message has reached its destination the journey is over. It would then be out of order for the worker to depart from the written terms of reference. There is no further room for discussion before a considerable lapse of time. Eventually the worker is in a position to respond to what has been laid down by the job specification under the formalities attached to annual appraisals. However, the appropriate paperwork is primarily designed to account for any failure to achieve the written objectives, and precludes the opportunity for making a more proactive response.
