ABSTRACT
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a acre A letter followed by abbreviation
of the name of a professional body denotes Associate (Member) of that body
AA Advertising Association American Airlines Automobile Association
AAA American Automobile Association Australian Automobile Association
AACB Association of Australian Convention Bureaux
AACC Airport Associations Coordinating Council
AACO Arab Air Carriers’ Organization AACVB Asian Association of Convention
and Visitor Bureaux AADFI Association of African
Development Finance Institutions
AAFRA Association of African Airlines AAR Association of American
Railroads AB Alberta, Canada ABA American Bus Association ABC ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire,
Curacao) Advance Booking Charter Audit Bureau of Circulations
ABCA Australian Bus and Coach Association
ABCC Association of British Chambers of Commerce
ABPCO Association of British Professional Conference Organisers
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ABTA Association of British Travel
Agents ABTAC ABTA Travel Agents’ Certificate ABTOC ABTA Tour Operators’
Certificate
AC Aero Club Air Canada Alpine Club alternating current Arts Council
ACAC Arab Civil Aviation Council ACC Airport Consultative Committee
(Australia) ACE Association for Conferences and
Events Arts Council of England
ACI Airports Council International ACNI Arts Council of Northern Ireland ACORN (acronym for) A Classification of
Residential Neighbourhoods ACP African, Caribbean, Pacific (States) ACR Association for Consumer
Research ACT Australian Capital Territory ACTA Association of Canadian Travel
Agents ACTTC Australian Capital Territory
Tourism Commission ACTW Australian Council of Tour
Wholesalers ACW Arts Council of Wales ADB African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank ADC advise duration and charge ADF African Development Fund
Asian Development Fund ADFIAP Association of Development
Financing Institutions in Asia and the Pacific
ADP automatic data processing AE (routing) via the Atlantic and
Eastern Hemisphere AEA Association of European Airlines AEO Association of Exhibition
Organisers AER Assembly of European Regions Aeroflot Russian Airlines Af Afghani (currency of
Afghanistan)
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AF Air France (routing) via Africa
AFC Airport Facilitation Committee (Australia)
AFCAC African Civil Aviation Commission
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
AFl Aruban Guilder/Florin (currency) AFRAA African Airlines Association AFTA Australian Federation of Travel
Agents AGM annual general meeting AHA Australian Hotel Association AHLA American Hotel & Lodging
Association AHRA ASEAN Hotel and Restaurant
Association AI Air India AIAC Aviation Industry Advisory
Committee (Australia) AIDA (mnemonic for) Attention,
Interest, Desire, Action AIDS (acronym for) Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome AIEST International Association of
Scientific Experts in Tourism AIM Association of Independent
Museums AISC International Association of Skal
Clubs AIT Alliance Internationale de
Tourisme AITO Association of Independent Tour
Operators Australian Institute of Tourism Officers
AITT Australian Institute of Travel and Tourism
AK Alaska, USA AL Alabama, USA A level Advanced level examination of
the General Certificate of Education (GCE) in the UK (excluding Scotland)
Alitalia Italian international airline ALM Netherlands Antilles Airlines Alta Alberta, Canada ALVA Association of Leading Visitor
Attractions a.m. ante meridiem (before noon) Amex American Express AMS Ancient Monuments Society AMTA Association of Multiple Travel
Agents
ANTOR Assembly/Association of National Tourist Office Representatives
ANZCERTA Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
AOCI Airport Operators Council International (US)
AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
AP American Plan (routing) via the Atlantic and Pacific
APCO Association of Pleasure Craft Operators
APEX Advance Purchase Excursion approx. approximately Apr. April APRS Association for the Protection of
Rural Scotland APT Advanced Passenger Train AR Arkansas, USA ARC Airlines Reporting Corporation
(US) American Recreation Coalition
ARDA American Resort Development Association
ARELS Association of Recognised English Language Services
arr. arrival/arrives ARR average room rate ARTAC Alliance of Retail Travel Agency
Consortia ARTC Air Route Traffic Control ARVC National Association of RV
Parks and Campgrounds (US) ASA Airservices Australia a.s.a.p. as soon as possible ASEAN Association of South East Asia
Nations ASEANTA ASEAN Tourism Association ASEANTTA ASEAN Tourism and Travel
Association ASHTAV Association of Small Historic
Towns and Villages of the United Kingdom
ASPA Association of South Pacific Airlines
ASSI Area of Special Scientific Interest AST Atlantic Standard Time (Canada) ASTA American Society of Travel
Agents ASVA Association of Scottish Visitor
Attractions AT (routing) via the Atlantic
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ATA Africa Travel Association Air Transport Association of America
ATAC Air Transport Association of Canada
ATB Area Tourist Board (Scotland) ATB2 automatic ticket and boarding
pass ATC Air Traffic Conference
Alpine Tourist Commission Australian Tourist Commission Australian Transport Council
ATE Australian Tourism Exchange ATEC Australian Tourism Export
Council ATIC ASEAN Tourism Information
Centre ATM automated teller machine ATMA Asia Travel Marketing
Association
ATME Association of Travel Marketing Executives
ATO Arab Tourism Organization ATOA Air Transport Operators
Association ATOL Air Travel Organiser’s Licence ATTC Association of Travel Trades
Clubs ATTF Air Travel Trust Fund (UK) ATTT Association of Tourism Teachers
and Trainers ATW around the world Aug. August AUKDA Association of UK Domestic
Airlines AYHA Australian Youth Hostels
Association AZ Alitalia airline
Arizona, USA
B Balboa (currency of Panama) Bolivar (currency of Venezuela) Boliviano (currency of Bolivia)
BA British Airways BAA British Airports Authority BACD British Association of
Conference Destinations BAFA British Arts Festivals Association BAHA British Activity Holiday
Association British Association of Hospitality Accountants
BAHREP British Association of Hotel Representatives
BALPA British Air Line Pilots Association
BALPPA British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers and Attractions
BARUK Board of Airline Representatives United Kingdom
BATA British Air Transport Association BATO British Association of Tourism
Officers B&B bed and breakfast BBQ barbeque BC British Columbia, Canada
BC British Council BCA Bus and Coach Association (of
New Zealand) BCC British Caravanners Club BCECEC British Conference and
Exhibition Centres Export Council
Bd Boulevard BD Bahraini Dinar (currency) B$ Bahamian Dollar (currency)
Bermudian Dollar (currency) Brunei Dollar (currency)
Bds$ Barbados Dollar (currency) BDST British Double Summer Time BEA British European Airways (now
British Airways) BECA British Exhibition Contractors
Association Beds. Bedfordshire, England BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands,
Luxembourg Berks. Berkshire, England BES Business Expansion Scheme BEVA British Exhibition Venues
Association BFA British Franchise Association
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BHA British Hospitality Association B’ham Birmingham BHHPA British Holiday and Home Parks
Association BHRA British Hotels and Restaurants
Association (now BHA) BHRCA British Hotels, Restaurants and
Caterers Association (now BHA)
BHTS British Home Tourism Survey BIFM British Institute of Facilities
Management BII British Institute of Innkeeping BIM British Institute of Management
(now CIM) BIMCO Baltic and International
Maritime Council BITOA British Incoming Tour
Operators’ Association BITS International Bureau of Social
Tourism bkg booking BLRA Brewers & Licence Retailers
Association Blvd Boulevard BMT British Mean Time bn billion BNTS British National Travel
Survey
BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation (now British Airways)
BP Bermuda Plan BPF Best Practice Forum BRA British Resorts Association
British Retailers Association BRC British Retail Consortium BRF British Road Federation BS British Standard B/S balance sheet BSCF British Self-Catering Federation BSF British Spas Federation BSI British Standards Institution BSP Bank Settlement Plan BST British Summer Time BTA British Tourist Authority
British Travel Association BTR Bureau of Tourism Research
(Australia) BTS British Tourism Survey Bucks. Buckinghamshire, England BVI British Virgin Islands BVRLA British Vehicle Rental Leasing
Association BWB British Waterways Board BWI British West Indies BWIA British West Indies Airways BYO Bring Your Own BZ$ Belize Dollar (currency)
C Cedi (currency of Ghana) Celsius/centigrade one hundred (Roman numeral)
¢ Colon (currency of Costa Rica) CA California, USA
Consumers’ Association CAA Civil Aviation Authority cab cabriolet CAB Civil Aeronautics Board (USA,
phased out 1985) Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux
CABEI Central American Bank of Economic Integration
CAC Canadian Association of Caterers
Cambs. Cambridgeshire, England CAR Central African Republic Caribank Caribbean Development Bank CARICOM Caribbean Community and
Common Market CARTA Campaign for Real Travel
Agents CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority
(Australia) CATC Commonwealth Air Transport
Council CBA cost benefit analysis CBD central business district CBEVE Central Bureau for Educational
Visits and Exchanges CBI Confederation of British Industry
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CC Countryside Commission (now Countryside Agency)
CCA Camp and Cabin Association (New Zealand)
CCTV closed-circuit television CCW Countryside Council for Wales CDB Caribbean Development Bank CDC Commonwealth Development
Corporation C$ Canadian Dollar (currency)
Cordoba (currency of Nicaragua) CE Council of Europe CEEC Central and Eastern European
Countries CEI Centre for Environmental
Interpretation CER Council of European Regions CERT Council for Education,
Recruitment and Training (Republic of Ireland)
cet. par. ceteris paribus (other things being equal)
cf. confer (compare) CFA Communauté financière africaine
Cookery & Food Association CFP Comptoirs français du Pacifique CFTC Commonwealth Fund for
Technical Co-operation C&G City and Guilds CGLI City and Guilds of London
Institute CGOT Canadian Government Office of
Tourism (now Tourism Canada) CHA Caribbean Hotel Association
Countrywide Holidays Association
Ches. Cheshire, England CHMA Canadian Hotel and Motel
Association CHME Council for Hospitality
Management Education CHNTO Cultural Heritage National
Training Organization chq. cheque CHRIE (International) Council on Hotel,
Restaurant and Institutional Education (US)
CI Channel Islands CIA Catering Institute of Australia CIC Convention Industry Council
(US) CI$ Cayman Islands Dollar (currency) c.i.f. cost, insurance, freight CIGA Compagnia Italiana dei Grandi
Alberghi (Italian hotel group)
CIM Chartered Institute of Management
CIMtIG Chartered Institute of Marketing Travel Industry Group
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CIT Chartered Institute of Transport C£ Cyprus Pound (currency) CLIA Cruise Lines International
Association (US) CLOA Chief Leisure Officers Association Club Med Club Mediterranée cm centimetre CMAA Club Managers Association of
America CMT Common Market Travel
Association c/o care of Co. company CO Colorado, USA C.O.D. cash on delivery COSLA Convention of Scottish Local
Authorities COTAL Latin American Confederation of
Tourist Organizations CP Canadian Pacific (Air, Hotels,
Railway, etc) case postale (post box) Continental Plan
CPA critical path analysis CPRE Council for the Protection of
Rural England CPRW Council for the Protection of
Rural Wales CPT Confederation of Passenger
Transport CRONWE Conference of Regions of North
West Europe CRS central reservation system(s)
computer reservation system(s) Country of Residence Survey (Republic of Ireland)
CSA Czechoslovak Airlines CSQ Customer Satisfaction
Questionnaire CST Central Standard Time (USA) CT Civic Trust
Connecticut, USA CTA Caribbean
Tourism/Tourist/Travel Association
CTC Canadian Tourism Commission Cyclists’ Touring Club
CTCC Central Transport Consultative Committee
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CTHRC Canadian Tourism Human Resource Council
CTO Caribbean Tourism Organization Cyprus Tourism Organisation
CTT Council for Travel and Tourism cu. cubic c.v. curriculum vitae cwt hundredweight
D Dalasi (currency of Gambia) five hundred (Roman numeral) (train) Durchgehender Zug
DA Algerian Dinar (currency) DATAS II Deltamatic Assisted Travel
Agency System (Mark II) Db Dobra (currency of São Tome
and Principe) DC direct current
District of Columbia, USA DCF discounted cash flow dcm decimetre DCMS Department for Culture, Media
and Sport D Day Decimal Day (UK 15 February
1971) D-Day first day of Allied invasion of
Continental Europe during WWII (6 June 1944)
DE Delaware, USA Dec. December DEFRA Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs deli delicatessen (US and Australia) Den. Denmark dep. departs/departure
Derbys. Derbyshire, England DET domestic escorted tour D-G Director General Dh UAE Dirham (currency of
United Arab Emirates) DH Moroccan Dirham (currency) Dip. Diploma DIT domestic independent tour DMO destination marketing organiza-
tion $A Australian Dollar (currency) $NZ New Zealand Dollar (currency) $T Pa’anga (currency of Tonga) DOT Department of Transportation
(US) doz. dozen DR Democratic Republic DST daylight saving time DTI Department of Trade and
Industry DTLR Department for Transport,
Local Government and the Regions
DTM Domestic Tourism Monitor (Australia)
DVS day visits survey(s)
E east(ern) Lilangeni (currency of Swaziland)
EADB East African Development Bank
EAL Eastern Air Lines EATA East Asia Travel Association
EB Ethiopian Birr (currency of Ethiopia)
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC European Community/ Commission/Council
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ECA European Catering Association ECAC European Civil Aviation
Conference ECCAS Economic Community of Central
African States ECD early closing day
early completion day EC$ Eastern Caribbean Dollar
(currency) ECGD Export Credits Guarantee
Department ECMT European Conference of
Ministers of Transport ECOSOC (United Nations) Economic and
Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West
African States ECSC European Coal and Steel
Community ECTAA Group of National Travel
Agents’ and Tour Operators’ Associations within the EC
ECTWT Ecumenical Coalition on Third World Tourism
ECU European Currency Unit ECY European Conservation Year ed. editor E/D (card) embarkation/disembarkation
(card) EDF European Development Fund edn edition EDP electronic data processing EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EFAH European Foundation for the
Accreditation of Hotel School Programmes
EFCT European Federation of Conference Towns
EFT electronic funds transfer EFTA European Free Trade
Association EFTPOS electronic funds transfer at point
of sale e.g. exempli gratia (for example) EH (routing) within the Eastern
Hemisphere EHMA European Hotel Managers
Association
EI Aer Lingus EIA Environmental Impact
Assessment EIB European Investment Bank EIF Exhibition Industry Federation El Al Israeli airline ELRA European Leisure and
Recreation Association e-mail electronic mail EMECA European Major Exhibition
Centres Association EMF European Motel Federation EMS Environmental Management
System European Monetary System
EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Plan EPA Environmental Protection
Agency (US) equiv. equivalent ERA European Regional Airlines
Organisation ERDF European Regional Development
Fund ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism ERP European Recovery Programme ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area ESF European Social Fund est. estimate EST Eastern Standard Time (USA) ETA estimated time of arrival ETAG European Tourism Action Group ETB English Tourist Board (now
ETC) etc. et cetera (and so on) ETC English Tourism Council
European Travel Commission ETD estimated time of departure ETP Excellence Through People EU European Union EUHOFA European Association of Hotel
School Directors Euratom European Atomic Energy
Community Euro Association of European Chambers Chambers of Commerce and
Industry EUTO European Union of Tourist
Officers
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F Fahrenheit F letter followed by abbreviation
of the name of a professional body denotes Fellow of that body
FAA Federal Aviation Administration (US)
FAC Federal Airports Corporation (Australia)
fam familiarization (as, e.g., fam trip) FANZ Food Services Association of
New Zealand FATA Federation of ASEAN Travel
Agents fax facsimile F&B food and beverage FC Forestry Commission FCSI Foodservice Consultants Society
International FCU Fare Construction Unit F$ Fiji Dollar (currency) FE Far East
Further Education Feb. February fem. feminine FES Family Expenditure Survey FET foreign escorted tour FFCS Food Facilities Consultants
Society FFP frequent flyer programme FG Guinean Franc (currency) fhld freehold
fiche microfiche FIA International Automobile
Federation FIFO first in, first out FI£ Falkland Islands Pound
(currency) Finnair Finnish Airlines FIT foreign independent tour FIYTO Federation of International
Youth Travel Organizations Fl Florin/Guilder (currency) FL Florida, USA Flt flight FMC Federal Maritime Commission
(US) f.o.b. free on board Fr Franc (currency)
France/French Franc CFA Franc de la Communauté financière
africaine (African Franc) Franc CFP Franc des Comptoirs français du
Pacifique (Pacific Franc) FRG Federal Republic of Germany Fri. Friday ft. feet (measurement) FT full-time FTE full-time equivalent FTO Federation of Tour Operators fwd forward FZGB Federation of Zoological
Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland
g gram(me) G Guarani (currency of Paraguay) G7 Group of Seven (largest industri-
alized countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA))
G8 Group of Eight (G7 plus Russia)
GA Georgia, USA gal. gallon GATS General Agreement on Trade in
Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade GB Great Britain
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GB and I Great Britain and Ireland GBCO Guild of British Coach Operators GBTA Guild of Business Travel Agents GCE General Certificate of Education GCSE General Certificate of Secondary
Education G$ Guyana Dollar (currency) GDP gross domestic product GDS global distribution system GEBTA Guild of European Business
Travel Agents Ger. German(y) GFG Good Food Guide (Consumers’
Association, annual) GFR German Federal Republic GGL Guild of Guide Lecturers GHS General Household Survey Gib. Gibraltar GIGO (computing term for) garbage in,
garbage out GIT group inclusive tour
Gk. Greek Glam. Glamorgan, Wales GLC Greater London Council
(abolished 1986) G£ Gibraltar Pound (currency) Glos. Gloucestershire, England GMB General, Municipal,
Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union
GMT Greenwich Mean/Meridian Time
GNP gross national product GNVQ General National Vocational
Qualification GOETO Grand Order of European Travel
Organizers gov(t) government GRS global reservation system GRT gross registered ton GSA General Sales Agent GST Greenwich Standard Time
ha hectare HA Hospitality Assured HAG Have-a-Go Hants. Hampshire, England HANZ Hotel Association of New
Zealand h.b. hard back (publication) hbr harbour HCI Hotel and Catering Institute
(now HCIMA) HCIMA Hotel and Catering International
Management Association HCITB Hotel and Catering Industry
Training Board (now HtF) HCPTA Hotel and Catering Personnel
and Training Association HCTB Hotel and Catering Training
Board (now HtF) HCTC Hotel and Catering Training
Company (now HtF) HCU Hotel and Catering Union HE Higher Education Herts. Hertfordshire, England HFTP Hospitality Financial and
Technology Professionals
HHA Historic Houses Association HI Hawaii, USA HIDB Highlands and Islands Develop-
ment Board (now Highlands and Islands Enterprise)
HIMG Hotel Industry Marketing Group (now HMA)
HIV Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
HK$ Hong Kong Dollar (currency) hl hectolitre HM Harbour Master
Her/His Majesty HMA Hotel Marketing Association HMS Her/His Majesty’s Ship HMSO Her/His Majesty’s Stationery
Office (now The Stationery Office)
HNC Higher National Certificate HND Higher National Diploma HO Home Office hols holidays HoReCa International Organization of
Hotel and Restaurant Associations
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HOTREC Confederation of National Hotel and Restaurant Associations in the European Community
HQ headquarters
hr(s) hour(s) HSMAI Hospitality Sales and Marketing
Association International HtF Hospitality Training Foundation
I one (Roman numeral) i.a. inter alia (among other things) IA Iowa, USA IAAPA International Association of
Amusement Parks and Attractions IACA International Air Carrier
Association IACVB International Association of
Convention and Visitor Bureaux IAFCT International Association of
French-Speaking Congress Towns
IAFTAC Inter-American Federation of Touring and Automobile Clubs
IAHA Inter-American Hotel Association International Association of Hospitality Accountants (now HFTP)
IAHMS International Association of Hotel Management Schools
IAPA International Airline Passengers Association
IAPCO International Association of Professional Congress Organizers
IASC International Air Services Commission (Australia)
IASTWL International Association for Social Tourism and Workers’ Leisure
IAT Institute of Air Transport IATA International Air Transport
Association IATM International Association of Tour
Managers IB Iberia (Spanish airlines) ibid. ibidem (in the same book,
chapter, place) IBRD International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
IBTA International Business Travel Association
i/c in charge/command ICA International Co-operative
Alliance ICAA International Civil Airports
Association ICAO International Civil Aviation
Organization ICC International Chamber of
Commerce ICCA International Congress and
Convention Association ICM Institute of Commercial
Management ICOM International Council of
Museums ICOMOS International Council on
Monuments and Sites ICS International Chamber of
Shipping ICTA Institute of Certified Travel
Agents (US) id. idem (the same) ID Idaho, USA
identification (card etc.) Iraqi Dinar (currency)
IDA International Development Association
IDB Inter-American Development Bank Islamic Development Bank
IDD International Direct Dialling i.e. id est (that is) IEHO Institution of Environmental
Health Officers IFAPA International Foundation of
Airline Passengers Associations IFC International Finance
Corporation IFCA International Flight Catering
Association
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IFCC International Federation of Camping and Caravanning
IFEA International Festival and Events Association
IFPTO International Federation of Popular Travel Organizations
IFTO International Federation of Tour Operators
IFTTA International Forum of Travel and Tourism Advocates
IFWTO International Federation of Women’s Travel Organizations
IGO inter-governmental organization IHASA International Hotel Association
South Asia IHEI International Hotels
Environment Initiative IHRA International Hotel and
Restaurant Association IIM Institution of Industrial
Managers (now CIM) IIP Investors in People IL Illinois, USA ILAM Institute of Leisure and Amenity
Management ILO International Labour Organisation IM Institute of Management (now
CIM) IMA Institutional Management
Association (now HCIMA) IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime
Consultative Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime
Organization impt important in. inch(es) IN Indiana, USA Inc. Incorporated incl. including/inclusive indiv. individual INSPASS (acronym for) Immigration and
Naturalization Service Passenger Accelerated Service System
inst. instance/instant intro. introduce/introduction/
introductory IOC Indian Ocean Commission IOM Isle of Man IOW Isle of Wight IPS International Passenger Survey IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union IR Iranian Rial (currency) IRA International Recreation
Association
Iran Air Iran National Airlines IRU International Road Transport
Union Is Islands ISD International Subscriber
Dialling ISES International Special Events
Society ISF International Shipping
Federation ISFSC International Society of Food
Service Consultants ISIC International Standard Industrial
Classification isNTO Information Services National
Training Organization ISO International Organization for
Standardization ISRM Institute of Sport and Recreation
Management ISTC International Student Travel
Confederation IT inclusive tour
information technology ITA Institut du Transport Aérien
Institute of Travel Agents (now ITT)
ITAA Irish Travel Agents Association ital. italic ITB International Tourism Exchange
(Börse) Industrial Training Board
ITC Inter-American Travel Congresses inclusive tour charter
ITHA International Tourist Health Association
ITIC Irish Tourist Industry Confederation
ITM Institute of Travel Management in Industry and Commerce Institute of Travel Managers in Industry and Commerce
ITMA Incentive Travel and Meetings Association
ITOA Incoming Tour Operators Association
ITOC Inbound Tour Operators Council (New Zealand)
ITT Institute of Travel and Tourism ITV Independent Television ITX inclusive tour fare IUCAT International Union of Co-
operative and Associated Tourism
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IUOTO International Union of Official Travel Organizations (now WTO)
IUR International Union of Railways IVS International Visitor Survey
(Australia)
IW Isle of Wight IWA Inland Waterways Association IWTC International World Travellers Club IYHF International Youth Hostel
Federation
JAA Joint Aviation Authorities
JAL Japan Air Lines Jan. January JAT Jugoslovenski Aerotransport
(Yugoslav Airlines) jct. junction JD Jordanian Dinar (currency) J$ Jamaican Dollar
(currency)
JHIC Joint Hospitality Industry Congress
JICNARS Joint Industry Committee for National Readership Surveys
Jnl Journal jnr junior jt joint JTC Joint Twinning Committee Jul. July Jun. June
K Kina (currency of Papua New Guinea) Kip (currency of Lao, PDR) Kwacha (currency of Malawi and Zambia) Kyat (currency of Myanmar)
k. & b. kitchen and bathroom Kcù Koruna (currency of Czech
Republic) KD Kuwaiti Dinar (currency) kg kilogram(me) KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
km kilometre(s) KM Konvertibilna Marka (currency
of Bosnia and Hercegovina) kph kilometres per hour Kr Krona (Icelandic and Swedish
currency) Krone (Danish and Norwegian currency)
Ks Kenyan Shilling (currency) KS Kansas, USA KY Kentucky, USA KZ Kwanza (Angolan currency)
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L fifty (Roman numeral) £ libra (Pound Sterling; UK
currency) LA Latin America
Los Angeles, USA Louisiana, USA
LAADFI Latin American Association of Development Financing Institutions
LACA Local Authority Caterers Association
LACAC Latin American Civil Aviation Commission
Lancs. Lancashire, England LAS League of Arab States lb pound (measurement) l.c. lower case (i.e., not capitals) LCB London Convention
Bureau LD Libyan Dinar (currency) LDC less developed country Ldn London L$ Liberian Dollar (currency) LDP long-distance path Le Leone (currency of Sierra
Leone) £E Egyptian Pound (currency) LEA Local Education Authority
LEC Local Enterprise Company (Scotland)
Leics. Leicestershire, England LFS Labour Force Survey LGA Local Government Association LGMB Local Government Management
Board lgt long ton LH Lufthansa (German Airlines) LIFO last in, first out LILO last in, last out Lincs. Lincolnshire, England Lk Lek (currency of Albania) £L Lebanese Pound (currency) LM Maltese Lira (currency) loc.cit. loco citato (in the place cited) locn location LOT Polskie Linie Lotnicze (Polish
Airlines) L’pool Liverpool L/R left to right LRT London Regional Transport LRV light refreshment voucher £S Syrian Pound (currency) LSA Leisure Studies Association LTB London Tourist Board Ltd Limited LVL Lats (Latvian currency)
m metre/mile/million M one thousand (Roman numeral) M letter followed by abbreviation
of the name of a professional body denotes Member of that body
MA Massachusetts, USA (routing) via mid Atlantic
MAC Museums Association of the Caribbean
MAE Maritime Advisory Exchange
MAGLEV magnetic levitation Man. Manitoba, Canada MANZ Motel Association of New
Zealand MAP Modified American Plan Mar. March Marit. maritime masc. masculine max. maximum MB Manitoba, Canada mbr member
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m/c machine M/C Manchester MC master of ceremonies MCO Miscellaneous Charges Order MCT Minimum Connecting Time MD Managing Director
Maryland, USA M$ Ringgit (currency of Malaysia) ME Maine, USA
Middle East MEA Middle East Airlines med. medium Med(it). Mediterranean met(eor). meteorological/meteorology mgr manager MI Michigan, USA MIA Meetings Industry Association MICE (acronym for) Meetings,
Incentive Travel, Conventions and Exhibitions
Middx Middlesex, England MIGA Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency min. minimum
minute misc. miscellaneous mkt market mm millimetre
MN Minnesota, USA MO Missouri, USA MOCA Mobile and Outside Caterers
Association of Great Britain MOD minor operated departments (in
hotels) mod. con. modern convenience Mon. Monday MOU Memorandum of Understanding mpg miles per gallon mph miles per hour MPI Meeting Professionals
International (US) MPM Maximum Permitted Mileage mrt. mass rapid transit Ms Miss/Mrs MS Mississippi, USA
Motor Ship MSC Manpower Services Commission MST Mountain Standard Time (USA) Mt Mount(ain) MT Metical (currency of
Mozambique) Montana, USA
mtg meeting mth month MV Motor Vessel Mx Middlesex, England
N north(ern) N-Naira (currency of Nigeria) n.a. not available/applicable NA (routing) via North
Atlantic NABTA National Association of Business
Travel Agents (US) NACE Nomenclature Générale des
Activités Économiques dans les Communautés Européennes
NAEH National Association of Exhibition Halls
NA Fl Netherlands Antilles Guilder/Florin (currency)
NAFC National Advisory Facilitation Committee (Australia)
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAHC National Association of Holiday Centres Limited
NAITA National Association of Independent Travel Agents
NALGO National Association of Local Government Officers
NALHM National Association of Licensed House Managers
N. Am. North America nat(l). national NAPHA National Amusement Park
Historical Association naut. nautical n.b. nota bene (note well) NB New Brunswick, Canada NBC National Bus Company NBTA National Business Travel
Association (US)
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NC no charge Nordic Council North Carolina, USA
NCC National Caravan Council NCIT National Council on Inland
Transport N/cle Newcastle n.c.v. no commercial value NCVQ National Council for Vocational
Qualifications ND National Diploma
North Dakota, USA N$ Namibian Dollar (currency) NE Nebraska, USA
north-east NEDC National Economic Development
Council (abolished 1992) NEDO National Economic Development
Office (abolished 1992) nem. con. nemine contradicente (no one
opposing, unanimously) nem. dis. nemine dissentiente (no one
dissenting) n.e.s. not elsewhere specified Neth. Netherlands NF Newfoundland, Canada NFSO National Federation of Site
Operators NGO non-governmental organization NH New Hampshire, USA N.I. Northern Ireland NIHCA Northern Ireland Hotels and
Caterers Association NIS Newly Independent States NITB Northern Ireland Tourist Board NJ New Jersey, USA NM New Mexico, USA
(routing) via North and Mid Atlantic
no. number Northants. Northamptonshire, England Northumb. Northumberland, England Notts. Nottinghamshire, England Nov. November NP (routing) via North or Central
Pacific NPPC National Passenger Processing
Committee (Australia) NPTA National Passenger Traffic
Association (US) nr near
number
NR Nepalese Rupee (currency) NRA National Restaurant Association
(US) National Rivers Authority
NRCA National Restaurant and Catering Association (Australia)
NRPA National Recreation and Park Association (US)
NRPC National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK)
NS Nova Scotia, Canada NSW New South Wales, Australia NT National Trust
Northern Territory, Australia NTA National Tour Association (US)
National Tourism Administration
NT$ New Taiwan Dollar (currency) NTO National Tourism/Tourist
Office/Organization National Training Organization
NTS National Trust for Scotland NTTC Northern Territory Tourist
Commission (Australia) Nu Ngultrum (currency of Bhutan) NU Nunavut, Canada NUC Neutral Unit of Construction NUCPS National Union of Civil and
Public Servants NUMAST National Union of Marine,
Aviation and Shipping Transport
NUR Neckermann Group (German tour operator)
NV Nevada, USA NVQ National Vocational
Qualification NW north-west NWT Northwest Territories, Canada NY New York, USA NZ New Zealand NZCA New Zealand Convention
Association NZHCITB New Zealand Hotel and
Catering Industry Training Board
NZITT New Zealand Institute of Travel and Tourism
NZTB New Zealand Tourist Board NZTIA New Zealand Tourism Industry
Association
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OAA Orient Airlines Association OAG Official Airline Guide OAP old age pension(er) OAS Organization of American
States OAU Organization of African Unity OCAS Organization of Central
American States Oct. October ODA Overseas Development
Administration OECD Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern
Caribbean States OFT Office of Fair Trading OH Ohio, USA OK Okay, all correct/confirmed
Oklahoma, USA
O level Ordinary level examination of the General Certificate of Education (GCE) in the UK (excluding Scotland)
O&M organization and methods OMMSA Organization of Museums,
Monuments and Sites of Africa OND Ordinary National Diploma Ont. Ontario, Canada op. cit. opere citato (in the work quoted) OPEC Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries OR operational/operations research
Oregon, USA ORC Organization of Railways
Cooperation orig. original(ly) OS Ordnance Survey o’seas overseas OT overtime OW one way Oxon. Oxfordshire, England oz ounce
p. page pence
P Pula (currency of Botswana) p.a. per annum (yearly) PA Pennsylvania, USA
Personal Assistant (routing) via the Pacific
PABX private automatic branch (telephone) exchange
Pan Am Pan American Airways para paragraph PARCA Pan American Railway Congress
Association PARS Passenger Airline Reservation
System PAS public address system PATA Pacific Asia Travel Association
Pax passenger PAX private automatic (telephone)
exchange p.b. paper back (publication) PBX private branch (telephone)
exchange PC personal computer
postcard PCI Passenger Card Inquiry
(Republic of Ireland) PCS Public and Civil Service Union PDR People’s Democratic Republic P/E price-earnings (ratio) PEI Prince Edward Island, Canada PERT Programme Evaluation and
Review Technique PEX Public Excursion fare
A B
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PG paying guest PHARE (acronym from French for)
Poland and Hungary; Assistance for Economic Restructuring
PIA Pakistan International Airlines PIN personal identification number PIR Property Irregularity Report pkt packet P&L profit and loss (account) PLC public limited company p.m. post meridiem (after noon) p.n.g. persona non grata (undesirable
person) PNG Papua New Guinea PNR Passenger Name Record PO (routing) via Polar route
between Europe and Japan or Korea
P&O Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company
POB Post Office Box POE port of embarkation/entry Port. Portugal/Portuguese
POS point of sale pp. pages p&p post and packing PR People’s Republic
public relations prelim. preliminary prelims preliminaries (book pages
preceding main text) prepn preparation priv. private pro tem pro tempore (for the time being) PS post scriptum (postscript) PSA Passenger Service Agent
Passenger Shipping Association
PSR passenger space ratio PST Pacific Standard Time (USA) PSV Public Service Vehicle pt part PT part-time PTA Prepaid Ticket Advice pub public house p.w. per week
Q Quetzal (currency of Guatemala) QANTAS Queensland and Northern
Territory Aerial Service (Australian airline)
Qbc Quebec, Canada Qld Queensland, Australia
qr quarter QR Qatar Riyal (currency) QTTC Queensland Tourist and Travel
Corporation quango quasi-autonomous non-
governmental organization
R Rand (currency of South Africa) Rouble/Rubl/Ruble (currency of Belarus and Russian Federation)
RA Ramblers’ Association Restaurant Association
RAA Regional Airlines Association (US)
RAAA Regional Airlines Association of Australia
RAC Royal Automobile Club RACV Royal Automobile Club of
Victoria (Australia) RAeS Royal Aeronautical Society R/D refer to drawer (of a cheque) R&D research and development R$ Brazilian Real (currency) RD$ Dominican Peso (currency of
Dominican Republic)
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recd received ref. refer(ence) reg. regular regd registered REKA Swiss Travel Saving Fund Rep. Republic revpar revenue per available room RI Rhode Island, USA Rio Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) RM Ringgit (currency of Malaysia) RMA Recreation Managers Association
of Great Britain RMT National Union of Rail,
Maritime and Transport Workers
RO Omani Rial (currency of Oman) ROC return on capital ROI return on investment Rp Rupiah (currency of Indonesia) RPI Retail Price Index RPK revenue passenger kilometre
RPM Resale Price Maintenance revenue passenger mile
RRP recommended retail price Rs Rupee (currency of India and
Pakistan) RSAC Royal Scottish Automobile Club RSNC Royal Society for Nature
Conservation RT return trip
round trip RTA Regional Tourism Authority
(Republic of Ireland) Regional Tourist Association (Northern Ireland)
RTB Regional Tourist Board RTC Regional Tourism Company
(Wales) RTK revenue tonne kilometre rte route RTW round the world RV recreation(al) vehicle (US)
S south(ern) SA South Africa/America/Australia
(routing) via South Atlantic SAC Scottish Arts Council SABENA Belgian Airlines SADCC Southern African Development
Coordination Conference s.a.e. stamped addressed envelope Salop. Shropshire, England SARTOC Southern Africa Regional
Tourism Council SAS Scandinavian Airlines System Sask. Saskatchewan, Canada Sat. Saturday SATA Student Air Travel Association SATC South Australian Tourism
Commission SC South Carolina, USA SCHMC Society of Catering and Hotel
Management Consultants SCOT Scottish Confederation of Tourism SCOVA Standard Classification of Visitor
Accommodation (Australia) scuba (acronym for) self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus
SD South Dakota, USA SDA Scottish Development Agency
(now Scottish Enterprise) S$ Singapore Dollar (currency) SE south-east SED Scottish Education Department Sep(t). September Sf Suriname Guilder/Florin
(currency) SF Swiss Franc (currency) sgd signed SGIT Special Group Inclusive Tour
(fare) sgle single s/he he/she SIA Singapore International Airlines SIBH Society for the Interpretation of
Britain’s Heritage SIC Standard Industrial
Classification SICTA Standard International
Classification of Tourism Activities
SI$ Solomon Islands Dollar (currency)
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SITE Society of Incentive Travel Executives (US)
SIWA Scottish Inland Waterways Association
Sk Koruna (currency of Slovakia) SK Saskatchewan, Canada S level Scholarship level examination of
the General Certificate of Education (GCE) in the UK (excluding Scotland)
SlT Slovenian Tolar (currency) SMA Systems Managers Association smog smoke-laden fog SNCB Belgian National Railways SNCF French National Railways SNH Scottish National Heritage snr senior SO Scottish Office SOC Standard Occupational
Classification Som Somerset, England So. Sh. Somalia Shilling (currency) SOT Survey of Overseas Travellers
(Republic of Ireland) Soton Southampton Sp. Spain/Spanish SP (routing) via South Pacific SPAB Society for the Protection of
Ancient Buildings SPEC South Pacific Bureau for
Economic Co-operation SPF South Pacific Forum SPRITO Sport, Recreation and Allied
Occupations National Training Organization
SPTO South Pacific Tourism Organization
sq. square (in measurements) SR Saudi Riyal (currency of Saudi
Arabia) Seychelles Rupee (currency)
SS Steamship SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest SST supersonic transport Staffs. Staffordshire, England STB Scottish Tourist Board stbd starboard std standard STD Subscriber Trunk Dialling stg sterling STGA Scottish Tourist Guides
Association stn station STOL short take-off and landing STTE Society of Travel and Tourism
Educators (US) STUC Scottish Trades Union Congress Sun. Sunday SVQ Scottish Vocational Qualification SW south-west Swissair Swiss Air Transport SWOT (acronym for) Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
SYHA Scottish Youth Hostels Association
t ton(ne) TAANZ Travel Agents Association of
New Zealand TAC Tourism Aviation Group
(Australia) TACC Travel Associations Consultative
Council TACIS Technical Assistance to the
Commonwealth of Independent States
TAP Portuguese Air Lines Tas. Tasmania, Australia t.b.a. to be announced/advised
TC Traffic Conference traveller’s cheque (traveler’s check)
TCA Tourism Council Australia TCF Travel Compensation Fund
(Australia) TCSP Tourism Council of the South
Pacific (now SPTO) TD Tunisian Dinar (currency) TDA Timeshare Developers
Association TDAP Tourism Development Action
Plan
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TEC Training and Enterprise Council TEE Trans-Europe Express (now
EuroCity) tel. telephone TEN Third World Tourism European
Ecumenical Network TGV Train à Grande Vitesse (high-
speed train of French railways) TGWU Transport and General Workers’
Union Thu.(r) Thursday TIA Travel Industry Association of
America TIAC Tourism Industry Association of
Canada TIC Tourist Information Centre TICA Tourism International
Cooperative and Associated tip (acronym for) To Insure
Promptitude Tk Taka (currency of Bangladesh) tkt ticket TL Turkish Lira (currency) TN Tennessee, USA TNSW Tourism New South Wales
(Australia) TOSG Tour Operators Study Group
(now FTO) tpk. turnpike TPM Ticket Point Mileage TQM total quality management
TRINET Tourism Research Information Network
TS (routing) Trans Siberia Tourism Society
TSA Tourism South Australia TSCG Tourism Society Consultants
Group tsp. teaspoon(ful) TSSA Transport Salaried Staffs’
Association TTA Tourism Training Australia TT$ Trinidad and Tobago Dollar
(currency) TTENTO Travel, Tourism Services and
Events National Training Organization
TTP Travel and Tourism Programme TTRA Travel and Tourism Research
Association (US) TU trade union TUC Trades Union Congress TUCC Transport Users Consultative
Committee Tue(s). Tuesday TUI Touristik Union International
(German tour operator) turboprop turbine propelled TWA TransWorld Airlines TX Texas, USA TTGAC Travel and Tourism Government
Affairs Council (US)
UA United Airlines UAA United Arab Airlines UAE United Arab Emirates UAR United Arab Republic UDC Urban Development Corporation UEHHA Union of European Historic
Houses Associations UFTAA Universal Federation of Travel
Agents’ Associations u/g underground UIA Union of International
Associations UIF Union of International Fairs UK United Kingdom
UKHA United Kingdom Housekeepers Association
UKTS United Kingdom Tourism Survey UM Ouguiya (currency of
Mauritania) UMA United Motorcoach Association
(US) UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development
Programme UNEP United Nations Environment
Programme
A B
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UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UPC Universal Producer Code US United States USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for
International Development USDAW Union of Shop, Distributive and
Allied Workers US$ United States Dollar
(currency) USP unique selling proposition
USSR (former) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
USTDC United States Travel Data Center USTOA United States Tour Operators
Association USTTA United States Travel and
Tourism Administration (abolished 1996)
USVI United States Virgin Islands UT Utah, USA Utd United UTDA Ulster Tourist Development
Association
V five (Roman numeral) VA Virginia, USA vac. vacancy/vacant var. variable VARIG Brazilian airline VAT value added tax V Day Victory Day VDU visual display unit VE Day 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe
in WWII) VFR visiting friends and relatives VIASA Venezuelan airline Vic. Victoria, Australia
VIP Very Important Person VJ Day 15 August 1945 (day of Japanese
surrender in Asia in WWII) VR virtual reality
visiting relatives vs. versus (against) VT Vermont, USA VTO vertical take-off VTOL vertical take-off and landing VTOHL vertical take-off and horizontal
landing v.v. vice versa (the other way
round)
W west(ern) WA Washington (state), USA
West Africa Western Australia
WADB West African Development Bank WAPTT World Association for
Professional Training in Tourism
Warwicks. Warwickshire, England WATA World Association of Travel
Agencies
WATC Western Australian Tourism Commission
WDA Welsh Development Agency WEAA Western European Airports
Association Wed. Wednesday WF Wells Fargo and Company WFTU World Federation of Trade
Unions WH (routing) within the Western
Hemisphere
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WHO World Health Organization WI West Indies
Wisconsin, USA WICE World Industry Council on the
Environment Wilts. Wiltshire, England wk(ly) week(ly) WL waiting list/waitlist WLRA World Leisure and Recreation
Association Worcs. Worcestershire, England w.p.m. words per minute WS$ Tala (currency of Samoa)
WTB Wales Tourist Board WTM World Travel Market WTO World Tourism Organization
World Trade Organization WTTC World Travel and Tourism
Council WTTERC World Travel and Tourism
Environment Research Centre WV West Virginia, USA WWI World War I (1914-1918) WWII World War II (1939-1945) WWF World Wide Fund for Nature WY Wyoming, USA
X ten (Roman numeral)
yd yard (measurement) YD Yemeni Dinar (currency) YH youth hostel YHA Youth Hostels Association
(England and Wales) YHANI Youth Hostel Association of
Northern Ireland Ltd YHANZ Youth Hostels Association of
New Zealand
YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association
Yorks. Yorkshire, England yr year YT Yukon Territory, Canada YWCA Young Women’s Christian
Association
Z$ Zimbabwe Dollar (currency) ZIP (code) Zone Improvement Plan (US numerical postcode)
