ABSTRACT
B6;C 2. N0 8=P=;D / T 7@=+F
B)C .F N// J;=:9)4P)D ! >! >!+0( T7+
>+YNCC+MF
I8= .F-N J;=:9)4P)D M;@ +? >!+0( T7+
>+YNCC+MF
@2DR JP P);J)
7, DPV V,>P, 9P YP,* 1@N DPV V9=,) V@ ,\DN,PP > 'V9@> [79'7 V@@;
D<', #,1@N, V7, =@=,>V @1 YVV,N>',G 7, DPV V,>P, ,>*9>6 9P )*) [79'7
9P **,* V@ V7, 9>4,'V9@>< PV,= EP,'V9@> SGXF >* 9P 1@<<@[,* #] V7,
D,NP@>< ,>*9>6G
7+ CNT T+>N+ +>)9>6 9N 56' Y79%7 9N ))+) T@ T7+ 9>4+%T9@>< NT+=
DN+%T9@> QFVEF
7, Z,N#P =/0@ LP]M) 3D(D@ LPD,;M >* /B@ L69Z,M V7YP '@>:Y6V,
P 1@<<@[P 9> V7, DPV V,>P,G @N '@>P@>>V 6N*V9@> P,, P,'V9@> 5GBG
SP= > +>2N2 P996JJD 7+ %M +? ?D0+0( 9> T7+
6M6+F
6PU ).FN =9SPPD 9TX I0D? N@=+ "++MF
SS9 7 )); .)C NGC JA;7;D WW< >) ++> >! (1+0( T@
C9>F
PP686; .)C N J6;;)D TT9 +? (1+0( T7+M+ T@@F
II6 20 .) CCA/A>> J48?A=JP6ND MM9 +? ?!0+0( > +=9<F
+>?D 47 ?(7 B:6;C J;=N6N; N9)
AS4SN6N; NC@;+
;;=N6N; 6X+
!10 47 ?(7 BJ6;C J;=N6NP [@W N9)
AS4SN6NP [@W NC@;+
;;=N6NP [@W 6X+
)+> 47 ?(7 4; J;=N6 7+RN7+ N9)
6P6 AS4SN6 =@T7+M NC@;+
99) ;P=N6 <<+ 6X+
+>?D 47 4.7 B:)C J;=N6N::) Y+ N9)
AS4SN6N::) Y+ NC@;+
NT T+>N+
,1@N, V7, DPV V,>P, )* V7, YPY< Z@[,< '7>6, NY<,P DD<] EP,'V9@> 5GXFQ
'1G #@Z, //0@*@/) ,V'G 7, V#<, #,<@[ 69Z,P 2NPV V7, #P9' 1@N= @1
V7, Z,N# E2NPV 9>2>9V9Z,F) V7,> V7, V79N* D,NP@> P9>6Y<N @1 V7, DN,P,>V P
> ,\=D<, @1 V7, 9>4,'V9@>< PV,=) >* V7, P,'V9@> >Y=#,N ,\D<9>9>6
V7, Z@[,< '7>6, 9> HY,PV9@>) >* 2><<] V7, V79N* D,NP@> P9>6Y<N @1 V7,
DPV V,>P, E[9V7@YV '@>P@>>V 6N*V9@>F >* V7, 2NPV D,NP@> P9>6Y<N @1
V7, DPV V,>P, E[9V7 '@>P@>>V 6N*V9@>FG
AS4SN6NPP) [@W NC@;+
;;=N6NPP) [@W 6X+
)+> 47 4.7 4) J;=N6NUP T7+[ N9)
;6J)P AS4SN6NUP T7+ Y@=+> NC@;+
:6)4)P ;P=N6NUP T7+ =+> 6X+
&569
&+!+&9&;
$&5 -0 6#0
-56+9
0 690 $&5 -0 6#0
-69
&569 -0 6#0
-69
8)IP=N T+<< ;+MT@R@ 5FV DBE ;+MT@R6 ;+MM@R6R>
JSN <9X+ NWRW 5FV DBE NWR6 NWR6R>
AXJXN NT[ C[N[R[ 5FV DBE C[N[R6 C[N[R6R>
9S8)N M+) <W;+R+ 5FV D3E <W;R6 <WR6R>
)PJ6N <@@; 1@M +TN9R9 5FV DQE +TNR6 +TNR6R>
=AA6N <+M> @CC9R9 5FV DQE @CCR6 @CR6R>
U)PN CW<< X+TR 5FV DPE X+TR6 X+)R6R>
XI6PPN TM[ [M9TTR 5FV DPE [M9TTR6 [M9TR6R>
;PN 69X+ >TR 5FV D-E >T=R6 >>=R6R>
JPN M9> NTR 5FV D-E NT=R6
78N )9X9)+ :;R 5FV D-E :;=R6 :=R6R>
:S6JPN M+=+="+M =W9NTR 5FV D-E =S9NTR6 =W9NTR6R>
=PPN T;+ @TTR 5FV D-E =TTR6 @TR6R>
I8JPN <@X+ M;NTR 5FV D-E M;NTR6 M;NTR6R>
@2
+>N+N
> P@=, Z,N#P @1 V7, /B@ V]D,) [7,N, #,'YP, @1 V7, *,<,V9@> @1 )
@N ) V7, P7@NV '@>P@>>V )B @''YNP 9==,*9V,<] #,1@N, V7, DPV V,>P,
,>*9>6) V79P )B '7>6,P V@ )=G 79P =@PV @1V,> 7DD,>P [7,> V7, )B @''YNP
1V,N V[@ Z@[,<P @N 1V,N -) / @N ;G
5P N@=+T9=+N %7>6+N T@ 5J 91' 1T+M T7+ )+<+T9@> @1 5 @M 5' 9T @%%WMN
9==+)9T+<[ "+1@M+ T7+ CNT T+>N+ +>)9>6F
:XXN' N+<< =[X 5FV DVE =[R6 =[R6R>
U=6N' "+ "<+ X@6 5FV D5E X@R6 X@R6R>
7S=N' )M9>; :S@ 5FV DUE :@R6 :@R6R>
AXJ8?6N' CM; C[N;A6 5FV D5E C[N;AR6 C[N;AR6R>
9S);;=6N' <+%TWM+ <W+>>@6 5FV D5E <W+>>@R6 <W+>>@R6R>
;=SJNP M9N+ >@WN)R+ 5FV D3E >@WNR6 >@WNR6R>
PS9N9 %@=+ TW<)R+ 5FV D3E TW<R6 TW<R6R>
:);N; 6@ =+>)R+ 5FV D3E =+>R6 =+>R6R>
7P)9N9 T79>; :TT+<)R+ 5FV D3E :TT+<R6 :TT+<R6R>
86)II)9N9 %9M%<+ ;9+MT+<)R+ 5FV D3E ;9+MT+<R6 ;9+MT+<R6R>
7S986JNP CW"<9N7 :W<;9N)R+ 5FV D3E :W<;9NR6 :W<;9NR6R>
PIU6PN >++) TMX9TN)R+ 5FV D3E TMX9TNR6 TMX9TNR6R>
46I6PN )9NTWM" 79M9TN)R+ 5FV D3E 79M9TNR6 79M9TNR6R>
A)PN 4++ C;+>)R+ 5FV D3E C;+>R6 C;+>R6R>
&569
&+!+&9&;
$&5 -0 6#0
-56+9
$&5 -0 6#0
-69
&569 -0 6#0
-69
P6)PN ;>@Y T9+PR T9+JR6 T9+JR6R>
9?XPN 2>) <A[PR <A[JR6 <A[JR6R>
4SSPN N7@WT 7WWPR 7WWJR6 7WWJR6R>
A66IPN )MY C99MPR C99MJR6 C99MJR6R>
NT T+>N+
,N#P V@ [79'7 V79P NY<, *@,P >@V DD<] 9>'<Y*, 3*B@ L;,,DM) E B@
LDY<<M) =* B@ L#,NM) (0*B@ LV;, 'N, @1M) '1G (/ 3*B@* L7,TP7, ;,DVM)
3*@*@/ L ;,DVM) BB* E B@* LVV9 DY<<,*M) E @*@/ L DY<<,*M) ,V'G
7, 9=D@NV>V 6N@YD @1 (D0.B@ Z,N#P 1@N= V7,9N DPV V,>P,
''@N*9>6 V@ V7, 1@<<@[9>6 PD,'9< '7>6,G
7+ CNT T+>N+ @1 4S=:PN X+M"N 9N 1@M=+) "[ %7>69>6 T7+ <NT 5 @M
5 @1 T7+ 9>4+%T9@>< NT+= T@ 5J& >) T7+> ))9>6 T7+ CNT T+>N+ 56F
&+!+&9&;
-56+9
-69
-0 6#0
-69
9);PN 4[ <+>PR <+>JR6 <+>JR6R>
86)IPN TWM>' 6@ M@W>) ;9+MPR ;9+MJR6 ;9+MJR6R>
AXXPN N; C[[PR C[[JR6 C[[JR6R>
8669PN N79>+ ;99<PR ;99<JR6 ;99<JR6R>
&569
&+!+&9&;
$&5 -0 6#0
-56+9
$&5 -0 6#0
-69
&569 -0 6#0
-69
4S=:PN >@T9%+ 7W@= 7W@=JR6 7W@=JR6R>
=JPN ;>@Y 7@Y @N @NJR6 @NJR6R>
4XAPN :W=C 7[CC 7[CCJR6 7[CCJR6R>
A)9PN 1+M C+<; C+<;JR6 C+<;JR6R>
:PN <9+ =; =;JR6 =;JR6R>
UPN @C+> X XJR6 XJR6R>
PUPN =++T TC TCJR6 TCJR6R>
:IPN @M)+M =M =MJR6 =MJR6R>
3==39PN 6@@6<+ 6@@6< 6@@6<JR6 6@@6<JR6R>
P)8JPPN N+>) T+ZT =+NN6+ T+;NT T+;NTJR6 T+;NTJR6R>
49SPN Y>T 7<WR 7<WJR6 7<WJR6R>
PI7=PN @11+M TM:@R TM:@JR6 TM:@JR6R>
@2
+>N+N
@V, V7V V7, Z,N# ,H@ L6@M 7P > ,\',DV9@>< DPV V,>P,( ,E@*
'1G ,E@*@/ L [,>VM) ( ,E@*@EB LV7,] [,>VMG
@2DQ )I.)$P P);J)
7, D,N1,'V V,>P, 9P YP,* 1@N DPV 'V9@>P [7@P, 9>4Y,>', 9P 9> P@=,
[] PV9<< Z<9* V V7, =@=,>V @1 YVV,N>',( V7, D,N1,'V 9P V7, V,>P, @1
LDN,P,>V N,<,Z>',MG V 9P 1@N=,* [9V7 V7, DN,P,>V V,>P, @1 V7, Y\9<9N]
Z,N# 0-@- L#,M 9>4,'V,* 1@N D,NP@> >* >Y=#,N) 1@<<@[,* #] V7, DPV
DNV9'9D<, 9> V7, P9>6Y<N @N D<YN< 1@N= ''@N*9>6 V@ V7, >Y=#,N @1 V7,
PY#:,'VG 7, DNV9'9D<, ,>*9>6 9P )/DB )/HBQ ,G6G 4.*/5 0-@/ =/0@/DB
L 7Z, P9*M) 4=*/5 0-@B -D, @/DB L]@Y 7Z, N,*M) (/ 0/ =H1@/HB L7,T
=6I /->N+ 9PP699D 7+ )@6 .K @> T7+ 4@@MF
9)8J6 0C2N+ :6;S99) JSS8=;D <+;N9 (H! =+ ;9NNF
=966J6 -J>JN+ ;6:);6D 7+ C@<9%+=> ?-! =+ =[
>=+F
S8 J6)99 2.N+F 7@ I? T7+M+H
=U9)UX ),2>N+8 7+ 7M) )9N; >?)!7
2N+NCN-2 AS;U66;6 )69);F + K1G >+0-M+) Y9>+ [+NT+M)[H
6P 4) C -N+NGC 69999F 7T + D)!K 1 9> T7+ +X+>9>6H
6P C N+NCC 69999F 7T + K1G 1 9> T7+ +X+>9>6H
66; :) ,CC .N+N// N-+08 7TLN :WNT Y7T I! D)1G()D7
,2N+N0 SISJP )9J6;866;
84')JJ PS;;6JJD
>1H! 1M@= WM;W T@ +<N9>;9 9>
TY@ 7@WMNF
6P 2>CN+NC )I799) 9478J6F 7T + K1G GK N CM+N+>T 1@M
+M:H
) .)CN+NGC 7= :S99D 7+[ .!$D DK<M+)[LE 9> T7+ =@M>9>6F
+ >N+NCC N-3 P:;F + K1G -01I T79NH
699) G>N+ U6)I699) =U);D 9<<+ 14!0! T7+ )@@M 1@M T7+
6W+NTNF
6;; 7 X9U6 C ->C>N+NGC
P=6J699));D
9>> >) [<X9 ?!0D D!JD /!??(!? T@
@>+ >@T7+MF
+M1+%T
T+>N+
7+ CNT CMT9%9C<+ 9N 1@M=+) "[ ))9>6 T7+ +>)9>6 5;SP 5;XP T@ T7+
9>2>9T9X+ NT+= DN+%T9@> QFBEF
1 T7+ 9>2>9T9X+ NT+= +>)N 9> %@>N@>>T
DE Y79%7 9N 9' I @M J' T7+ ; @1 T7+ CMT9%9C<+ %7>6+N T@ N+%@>) 9' I
@M J
D"E Y79%7 9N P' T79N P %7>6+N T@ ;F
&569
&+!+&9&;
69 -59&&-) 0 9$&5 -0 6#0
-56+9
=JPN "W[ @NTR;SP @NTR
6P8)N %M[ 9T;+R;XP 9T;+R+
J)6J=N NT>) N+9N@R;SP N+9N@R@
P;JJ6N )>%+ T>NN9R;SP T>NN9R9
9?XPN 2>) <A[TR;XP <A[TR
;PN 69X+ >TR;SP >TR
;XPPN N7@Y >[TTR;XP >[TTR
JX;PXN "+ "@M> N[>T[R;XP N[>T[R[
JN' 6+T NR;SP N
:XXN' N+<< =[[R;XP =[[
7S=N' )M9>; :W@R;SP :W@
J=6N' M9>6 N@9R;SP N@9
UIP6=6N' 6WM) XMT9@9R;SP XMT9@9
;=SJNP M9N+ >@WJRJSP >@WN+R+
A)JNP YN7 C+JRJXP C+N+R+
PS9N9 %@=+ TW9R9SP TW<+R+
=9N9 "+ @9R9SP @>
7P)9N9 T79>; :T+9R9SP :TT+<+R+
ASINI "9T+ CWIRISP CWM+R+
@2
+>N+N
7, 9>4,'V9@>< PV,= @1 V7, DPV DNV9'9D<, 9P 1@N=,* #] '7>69>6 )DB
)HB V@ ) ) ,G6G =/0T/DB( =/0T/ )) >* >] ,>*9>6P N, **,* V@ V79P
PV,=G 7, *911,N,>V D,NP@>P @1 V7, D,N1,'V V,>P, N, V7YP P 1@<<@[PG
=JPN ;>@Y 7@Y @N;R;SP @N
49SPN Y>T 7<W;R;SP 7<WR
U)68PN "+T X+9;;R;SP X+9;;
A)9PN 1+M C+<;R;XP C+<;
4XAPN :W=C 7[C;R;XP 7[CC
8)9UPN "+ 6@@) +>@W67 ;+<X;R;SP ;+<C
PIU6PN >++) TMX9;R;SP TMX9TN+R+
A)PN 4++ C+;R;SP C;+>+R+
9::)PN "+%@=+ YM= <==+;R;XP <=C+>+R+
4U6PN >@T9%+' @"N+MX+ 7X9;R;SP 7X9TN+R+
+>?D 47 ?(7 B:6;C =9)N; J;=N;SP 7X+ N9)
=9)N; =9N9SP 7X+ "++>
=9)N; 4S=:;N;SP 7X+ >@T9%+)
!10 47 ?(7 BJ6;C =9)NP J;=N;SP [@W 7X+ N9)
=9)NP =9N9SP [@W 7X+ "++>
=9)NP 4S=:;N;SP [@W 7X+ >@T9%+)
)+> 47 ?(7 4; =; J;=N;SP 7+RN7+ 7N N9)
4; =; =9N9SP 7+RN7+ 7N "++>
4; =; 4S=:;N;SP 7+RN7+ 7N >@T9%+)
+>?D 47 4.7 B:)C =9)N::) J;=N;))P Y+ 7X+ N9)
=9)N::) =9N9))P Y+ 7X+ "++>
=9)N::) 4S=:;N;))P Y+ 7X+ >@T9%+)
!10 47 4.7 BP)C =9)NPP) J;=N;))P [@W 7X+ N9)
=9)NPP) =9N9))P [@W 7X+ "++>
+M1+%T
T+>N+
,<@[ N, P@=, ,\=D<,P @1 V7, YP, @1 V7, D,N1,'VG
)64;); 20 /C-F>CN0FC JA;7;D
+97>+> )? D>H!..! T@ C9>F
0N-2 7=4P7 / 0N0JC 9=S;99)F
? T7+ =>6+M (10! T@ <W>%7H
. NCC N-2 );;); 2.N. C S=:)JJF
H! K1G !!0 9> 9><>) "+1@M+H
I6 7 )IPP6 2NGC .)C N0 C A=6JD
M9 >) +MTT9 )H! (10! Y[F
. NCN-2 7= >J3N0JCF
H! K1G <M+)[ !D!0H
. N0 /0N0FC J;3XJJ 8=8= A6U;D
)H! .+0 9> "+) << )[F
. NCC N-2 .F-N0 C ):)8J); SSJ6::; 86I7;F
H! K1G >! +=+NL <T+NT "@@;H
7, D,N1,'V '> <P@ @''YN 9> V7, '@>*9V9@>< =@@*) [7,> V7, ,>*9>6 )*=*
9P **,* V@ V7, Y\9<9N] 0-@-) >* 9> V7, D@V,>V9< =@@*) [79'7 9P
1@N=,* 1N@= > ,\',DV9@>< PV,= @1 V7, Z,N# 0-@-) -* / )) 1@<<@[,* #]
D,NP@>< ,>*9>6G 1V,N V7,P, 1@N=P @1 V7, Y\9<9N] V7, DPV DNV9'9D<,
1@<<@[P EP,, 7DV,N B3FG
.N+>+N0 2.N.FC 69=6;);& 7=J 2.N+>+NC CF.N.FC8
I1G. )H! !!0 C<+N+) 91 K1G 7) DKI1G. )H!LE 1/!F
.N+>+N// .)C N0 C JA;7;& 7=J :)699 2.N+>+ 2.N.FC I4D
! I1G. )H! (10! T@ C9> 91 Y+ 7) DKI1G. )H!LE ) =@>+[F
I886 S=:6=7 .+ 0 N -JN0JC I=8=JJD
M;;9 W@=9@: )? 4>1.K !!0 T@ @M@%%@F
) .+ 0 NGC )0--+N0 C SP=;D
7+[ D)H!E 4>1.K 1D+0! %MF
N9)
4) =UP =9N9))P T7+[ 7X+ "++>
4) =UP 4S=:;N;))P T7+[ 7X+ >@T9%+)
@2
+>N+N
@2D2 9SA)I.)$P P);J)
7, D<YD,N1,'V 9P YP,* 1@N 'V9@>P [79'7 7Z, V;,> D<', #,1@N, P@=,
D@9>V @1 V9=, 9> V7, DPVG V 9P 1@N=,* 1N@= V7, DPV V,>P, @1 0-@- E0-@*@/)
0-@*@B) 0-@*) 0-@*@.. ) 0-@*@BB ) 0-@*@EBF) 1@<<@[,* #] V7, DPV DNV9'9D<,
EP,'V9@> B5GWFG
.N+N0 7SSI6 CF.N.FC 8=P66;& 8S; J=6P6PD
) :WNT 1/! 7@=+ Y7+> [@W M>6F
.N+N// CF.N. C 8=P66; D D D
! ) 1/! 7@=+ F F F
; 2.N+ 25+>- .N.FC JS=:) );;); 8S6; 4; PS96 S=:));D
+RN7+ ) ?DG+! 9>>9N7 "+1@M+ 7+RN7+ %=+ T@ 9><>)F
:6 2.N+ 22CCN0FC 8X::);); :6;SSPP6 8S; PS96;D
=9 ) I+D!R!!0 I+D+0( T+> =9>WT+N Y7+> %=+F
) 2.N+NGC 22CCN0 C D D D
7+[ ) I+D! F F F
@2D0 )3P6U) .=I:J
<< >,6V9Z, 1@N=P N, #P,* @> V7, >,6V9@> Z,N# /) B) *) .. ) BB )
*EBG 7, DN,P,>V V,>P, >,6V9Z, 7P #,,> *9P'YPP,* ,N<9,N EP,'V9@> RGWFQ
7,N, V7, >,6V9@> Z,N# 9P 1@<<@[,* #] =9>9=< PV,= 1@N= @1 V7, =9>
Z,N# PY#:,'V V@ '@>P@>>V 6N*V9@>G
!5*9&; #9&;
8)II=N; T+<< ); 8)II= )@ >@T T+<<
8)II=NP )P 8)II=
4; 8)IP=N= 4; )6 8)II=
8)II=N::) )::) 8)II=
8)II=NPP) )PP) 8)II=
4) 8)IP=NUP 4) )6UP 8)II=
+6T9X+
1@M=N
7+ >+6T9X+ @1 T7+ CNT T+>N+ 9N 1@M=+) )911+M+>T<[& T7+ >+6T9@> X+M" 9N
1@<<@Y+) "[ T7+ CNT CMT9%9C<+ DN+%T9@> B5FUEF
,N, N, P@=, 1YNV7,N ,\=D<,P @1 V7, 1@N=V9@> @1 V7, DPV V,>P,
>,6V9Z,G
!5*9&; #9&;
8)II=N6N; T@<) ); 8)IP=N;SP )9) >@T T+<<
8)II=N6NP )P 8)IP=N;SP
4; 8)IP=N6 4; )6 8)IP=N;SP
8)II=N6N::) )::) 8)IP=N;))P
8)II=N6NPP) )PP) 8)IP=N;))P
4) 8)IP=N6NUP 4) )6UP 8)IP=N;))P
!5*9&; #9&;
P;JJN6N; )>%+) ); P;JJ6N;SP )9) >@T )>%+
P;JJN6NPP) [@W DC<FE )>%+) )PP) P;JJ6N;))P
6P8N6NP [@W DN6FE %M9+) )P 6P8)N;XP
4; ;XPPN6 7+RN7+ N7@Y+) 4; )6 ;XPPN;XP
4) ;P=N6NUP T7+[ 6X+ 4) )6UP ;PN;))P
9SN6N; M+) ); 9S8)N;SP
=9N6N::) Y+ Y+M+ )::) =9N9))P
=9N6NP [@W DN6FE Y+M+ )P =9N9SP
;=SJN6N; 6@T WC ); ;=SJNJSP
4) ;=SJN6NUP T7+[ 6@T WC 4) )6UP ;=SJNJ))P
7PP)9N6N::) Y+ T7@W67T )::) 7P)9N9))P
SS9 JN6 WW< 6@T SS9 )6 JN;SP
=JJN6N::) Y+ ;>+Y 7@Y )::) =J;N;))P
@2
+>N+N
7, >,6V9Z, @1 V7, D,N1,'V V,>P, 9P 1@N=,* 1N@= V7, >,6V9@> Z,N# 1@<8
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