ABSTRACT
VV9VY*,G ,>P, >* D,NP@>< ,>*9>6P N, **,* 9> V7, >@N=< []G
XP / 0 N0 8=P66;D @Y =/ (1+0( 7@=+F
AJ6 . +--+N+ A6499D RT7+ %79<) 4.K? 9> T7+ [M)F
6)IP CF. NGC 69999D 7+ 6W+NTN >! 1/+0( 9> T7+ +X+>9>6F
69); >N+N0 88J6 U6)JP6D +NT+M)[ (1D TY@ =+NN6+NF
=J8 >+=>CFN+NCF 7+> + K1G $.. +..H
) 2NGC >FN0 C 8X::););
US=PP SISJJD
7+[ )H! .+H! 9> WM;W 1@M T+> [+MNF
7,P, Z,N# 1@N=P '@>V9> >@ =@@* ,>*9>6) V7,>) @><] D,NP@>< >*
E[7,N, >,',PPN]F V,>P, ,>*9>6PG
@0DR =;'6P6=;9
7, '@>*9V9@>< )*=* =@PV<] 9>*9'V,P > 'V9@> V7V 9P DN,P,>V,* P
7]D@V7,V9'<) >* @''YNP =@PV '@==@><] 9> '@>*9V9@>< '<YP,P 1V,N +0=
L91M >* 9> V7, ''@=D>]9>6 =9> '<YP,G
7+ %@>)9T9@>< +>)9>6 9N 56J6' Y79%7 9N ))+) T@ T7+ 9>4+%T9@>< NT+=
DN+%T9@> QFVEF
7, '@>*9V9@>< ,>*9>6 *@,P >@V 'YP, '@>P@>>V 6N*V9@> 9> V7, PV,=
DN,',*9>6 9V EP,'V9@> 5GBGXF) #YV =>] Z@[,< '7>6, NY<,P DD<] [7,>
)*=* 1@<<@[P V7, 9>4,'V9@>< PV,= EP,'V9@> 5GXFG 7, '@>*9V9@>< ,>*9>6 9P
1@<<@[,* #] D,NP@>< ,>*9>6) 1V,N [79'7 V7,N, =] <P@ #, > ,>'<9V9'
DNV9'<,G
7, Z,N#P =/0@ LP]M) 3D(D@ LPD,;M >* /B@ L69Z,M 7Z, V7,
1@<<@[9>6 '@>*9V9@>< 1@N=P 9> V7, V7N,, P9>6Y<N D,NP@>PG
,<@[ N, ,\=D<,P @1 V7, ,11,'V @1 Z@[,< '7>6,P #,1@N, V7, '@>8
*9V9@>< ,>*9>6G 7, V#<, P7@[P 2NPV V7, #P9' 1@N= @1 V7, Z,N#) V7,> V7,
V79N* D,NP@> P9>6Y<N DN,P,>V 9>*9'V9Z, P > ,\=D<, @1 V7, 9>4,'V9@><
J686U6 2.N+ 7= -F2.N.FCD
) <M+)[ +!F
+>?D 47 ?(7 B:6;C J;=N6J6N; Y@W<) N[
AS4SN6J6N; Y@W<) NC+;
;PN6J6N; Y@W<) 69X+
!10 47 ?(7 BJ6;C J;=N6J6NP [@W Y@W<) N[
AS4SN6J6NP [@W Y@W<) NC+;
;PN6J6NP [@W Y@W<) 69X+
)+> 47 ?(7 4; J;=N6J6 7+RN7+ Y@W<) N[
SU6 AS4SN6J6 WX9 Y@W<) NC+;
6P6 ;PN6J6 =@T7+M Y@W<) 69X+
@>)9T9@><
V7, '@>8
*9V9@>< EV7, @V7,N D,NP@>P @><] *911,N 9> V7, D,NP@>< ,>*9>6FG
&569
&+!+&9&;
$&5 -0 6#0
-56+9 &+&9&;
0 690 &569 -0 6#0
,+&9&,+)
8)IP=N T+<< ;+MT@R@ 5FV DBE ;+MT@R6J6R>
JSN <9X+ NWRW 5FV DBE NWR6J6R>
AXJXN NT[ C[N[R[ 5FV DBE C[N[R6J6R>
9S8)N M+) <W;)R+ 5FV D3E <W;R6J6R>
PS;P)N ;>@Y' 1++< TW>T)R+ 5FV D3E TW>TR6J6R>
=AA6N <+M> @CC6R9 5FV DQE @CCR6J6R>
J996N <<@Y N<<6R9 5FV DQE N<<R6J6R>
;XPPN N7@Y >[TTR 5FV DPE >[TTR6J6R>
U)PN CW<< X+TR 5FV DPE X+TR6J6R>
78N )9X9)+ :;R 5FV D-E :;R6J6R>
=PPN T;+ @TTR 5FV D-E @TTR6J6R>
I8JPN <@X+ M;NTR 5FV D-E M;NTR6J6R>
4S=:PN >@T9%+ 7W@= 5FV DVE 7W@=R6J6R>
4XAPN :W=C 7[CC 5FV DVE 7[CCR6J6R>
A)9PN 1+M C+<; 5FV DVE C+<;R6J6R>
PUPN =++T TC 5FV DVE TCR6J6R>
JN' 6+T N 5FV DVE NR6J6R>
PS=N' "M9>6 TS@ 5FV DUE T@R6J6R>
U6)N' T;+ X6+ 5FV DUE X+R6J6R>
JX?N' +T NXA 5FV DUE NAR6J6R>
U=6N' "+ "<+ X@6 5FV D5E X@R6J6R>
AXJ8?6N' CM; C[N;A6 5FV D5E C[N;AR6J6R>
;=SJNP M9N+ >@WN)R+ 5FV D3E >@WNR6J6R>
PS9N9 %@=+ TW<)R+ 5FV D3E TW<R6J6R>
@0
@@)N
,<@[ N, P@=, ,\=D<,P @1 V7, YP, @1 V7, '@>*9V9@><G
.N+>+N0 69=6;);& 7=J CF.N+>+NCD
I1G. ! C<+N+) 91 K1G /!F
2N+>+N0 :6)9)99;6 84U6D
Y@W<) <@X+ N@=+ %@11++F D<9TF K I1G. >+0-Y9T7 C<+NWM+FLE
=J U)J6 2.N+>+ 9::6;P& >N+>+NC S6'D
1 T7+ YT+M I!>! YM= K1G 1G. NY9=F
+CCN+>+N0' )PP D D D
I1G. .+/ T7T F F F
FFCCN+>+NCN-2 A=6J S=:)JPF
1G. K1G /1H! Y[ 1M@= 9><>)H
F.N+>+NGCN-2 4) 7=J 5JJCN+>+N// F
1G. D)!K 1/! 91 I! ?-! DT7+=EH
X99 S88 )J86J9= G2+CCN+>+ 7=J ).FN+>+D
W;; +N;9N<@ I1G. %+MT9><[ I+0 91 7+ I0D! T@F
7, '@>*9V9@>< 9P @1V,> YP,* V@ P7@[ D@<9V,>,PPG
P [P =,>V9@>,* #@Z, EP,'V9@> B5GWF) V7, '@>*9V9@>< <P@ @''YNP 9>
V7, D,N1,'VG 7,P, PVNY'VYN,P '@>P9PV @1 V7, 1@N=P 0-@*=*@/ 0-@*=*@B) ,V'G
1@<<@[,* #] V7, DPV DNV9'9D<, @1 V7, =9> Z,N#G
.N+>+N0 2.N.FC 69=6;);& 7=J D D D
4X:X69N9 N=9<+ 7[=[9<)R+ 5FV D3E 7[=[9<R6J6R>
PIU6PN >++) TMX9TN)R+ 5FV D3E TMX9TNR6J6R>
U;4)PN 6M@Y @<) X>7+>)R+ 5FV D3E X>7+>R6J6R>
CN+>+NCN-2 96J P))PF 1G. K1G 41G> N@=+ =@M+ T+H
J>JN+>+N0 =;8= P)699 D D D K ?- Y7+T7+M [@W 7X+ F F F
)CN+>+N// N-3 7= 8=P66;F ).. I! (1 7@=+ >@YH
S=8 2.N+>+ ;XP U9:6JPD 7+ =+< +? M+)[ >@Y D9> T7+ N+>N+
K)9>>+M 9N N+MX+)LEF
@>)9T9@><
I1G. )H! (10! T@ Y+)+> Y9T7 C<+NWM+ 91 ) !!0 .! T@F
.N+>+NCN-2 CF.N.FC :)699)F
1G. K1G DN6FE )H! 1/! T@ WNH
.N+>+NGCN-2 4) >F2>CFN0 C P4;F
1G. T7+[ )H! (>!! T@ T79NH
.N+>+N0 /J3)>CJN0JC )99)6 IPP6 2.N+>+ FCCN0FC :6;SD
I1G. )H! !!0 .D! 91 MTT9 ) >@T )!.4! =+F
7, >,6V9Z, 1@N=P @1 V7, '@>*9V9@>< N, '@>PVNY'V,* 1N@= V7, >,6V9@>
Z,N# / B) ,V'G >* V7, =9> Z,N# [9V7 V7, ,>*9>6 )*=* #YV [9V7@YV
D,NP@>< ,>*9>6G
@0DQ :A)IP6U)
7, 9=D,NV9Z, 9P DN9=N9<] YP,* 1@N '@==>*P) N,HY,PVP >* ,\7@NV8
!5*9&; #9&;
=9N6J6N; Y@W<) "+ ); =9N6J6 Y@W<) >@T "+
PS9N6J6NP [@W DN6FE Y@W<)
%@=+
)P PS9N6J6
4) ;PN6J6NUP T7+[ Y@W<) 69X+ 4) )6UP ;PN6J6
8)IP=N6J6N::) Y+ Y@W<) T+<< )::) 8)IP=N6J6
49SN6J6N; Y@W<) <9;+ ); 49SN6J6
JPN6J6 9T Y@W<) M9> )6 JPN6J6
J?N6J6N; Y@W<) +T ); J?N6J6
9S8N6J6N::) Y+ Y@W<) M+) )::) 9S8N6J6
4) U)PN6J6NUP T7+[ Y@W<) CW<< 4) )6UP U)PN6J6
=9N6J6N; =PPN;SP Y@W<) 7X+ T;+> ); =9N6J6 =PPN;SP
=9N6J6NPP) JX?N;))P [@W Y@W<) 7X+
+T+>
)PP) =9N6J6 JX?N;))P
4) =9N6J6NUP 94P)N
;))P
T7+[ Y@W<) 7X+ <+1T 4) )6UP =9N6J6 94P)N
;))P
@0
@@)N
,>*9>6P >* D,NP@>< ,>*9>6P N, 9*9@P]>'NV9' 9> V7, ZN9@YP D,NP@>P(
7, P,'@>* D,NP@> P9>6Y<N >* D<YN< 1@N=P) ,G6G =/0 >* =/0@,)
N, V7, =@PV '@==@>G 7, V79N* D,NP@> 1@N=P @''YN =@PV<] 9> V7,
<9V,NN] <>6Y6,G 7, P,'@>* D,NP@> D<YN< <P@ ,\DN,PP,P D@<9V, P,'@>*
D,NP@> P9>6Y<NG
7+ N+%@>) C+MN@> N9>6W<M @1 T7+ 9=C+MT9X+ 7N T7+ N=+ 1@M= N T7+
2MNT C+MN@> N9>6W<M @1 T7+ CM+N+>T 9>)9%T9X+' Y9T7@WT T7+ 2>< 5;F
79P 1@N= 9P <P@ 9*,>V9'< [9V7 V7V @1 V7, =9> Z,N# 9> V7, DN,P,>V
9>*9'V9Z, >,6V9Z, EP,'V9@> B5G3F) '1G =/0@/ L P]M) BD-@/ L '@=,M)
3 -,@/ L 1,NM / / =/0 L *@ >@V P]M) / BD-L *@ >@V '@=,M) /
3 -, L *@ >@V 1,NM / =/0 LP]0M) BD-L'@=,0M) 3 -, L1,N0MG
7+ @T7+M 9=C+MT9X+ 1@M=N M+ "N+) @> T7+ 9>2>9T9X+ NT+= DN+%T9@>
QFBEF
7, 9=D,NV9Z, 1@N=P @1 V7, Z,N#P =/0@ LP]M) . /@/ L6@M >* , ;B0@
LV,<<M N, V7YP P 1@<<@[P(
&+#:)5 ):5)
+>?D 47 / 58N::) 58N::)
!10 47 D>@ +>)9>6E 58 58
)+> 47 58=N=; 58?N?; 58=N=P 58?N?P
&+#:)5 ):5)
+>?D 47 / J;=N8N::) <+T WN N[
/ :);N8N::) <+T WN 6@
/ 8)IP=N8N::) <+T WN T+<<
!10 47 J;= N[0 J;=N8 N[0
=C+MT9X+
7, V#<, #,<@[ P7@[P V7, 9>2>9V9Z,) V7, 2NPV D,NP@> P9>6Y<N DN,P,>V)
>* V7, P,'@>* D,NP@> P9>6Y<N >* D<YN< @1 V7, 9=D,NV9Z,(
8)II= T+<<0 8)IP=N8 T+<<0
)+> 47 J;=N8=N=; =[ N7+R7+
N[
J;=N8=N=P =[ T7+[
N[
:);N8?N?; =[ N7+R7+
:);N8?N?P =[ T7+[
8)IP=N8=N=; =[ N7+R7+
T+<<
8)IP=N8=N=P =[ T7+[
T+<<
&569
&+!+&9&;
&569 -0 6#0
-56+9
,+ -0 6#0
&*-59&;
,+ -0 -)0
&*-59&;
;PN 69X+ ;;N; ;; >TR8
=JPN "W[ =JPN; =JP @NTR8
S;=4PN 1@M6+T S;=4'N; S;=4' W>@7TR8
9S8)N M+) 9S)N; 9S) <W;+R8
U)PN CW<< U)'N; U)' X+TR8
JS98)N %<@N+ JS97)N; JS97) NW<;+R8
4)IPPN Y;+ 4)IPN; 4)IP 7+MTTR8
UPN @C+> UN; U XTR8
:PN <9+ :8N; :8 =TR8
PUPN =++T PAN; PA TXTR8
:IPN @M)+M :IN; :I =MTR8
48PN 7+Y' "+T 488N; 488 7;TR8
PI7=PN @11+M PI7=N; PI7= TM:@TR8
:XXN' N+<< :XXN; :XX =[[R8
JX?N' +T JX?N; JX? N[AR8
S6N' NY9= S6N; S6 W9R8
P)4N' )@ P))N; P)) T+7R8
@0
@@)N
7, @#:,'V @1 > 9=D,NV9Z, Z,N# 9P 9> V7, DNV9V9Z, 91 >] @1 V7,
>@N=< DNV9V9Z, NY<,P DD<] EP,'V9@> -GWGXFG 7, ''YPV9Z, @#:,'V @1 >
9=D,NV9Z, V;,P >@ ,>*9>6 91 V7, 9=D,NV9Z, 9P 2NPV @N P,'@>* D,NP@>)
#YV V7, ,>*9>6 )/ 91 V7, 9=D,NV9Z, 9P V79N* D,NP@>) '1G P,'V9@> ?G3G
7, ,\=D<,P #,<@[ 9<<YPVNV, V7, YP, @1 V7, 9=D,NV9Z,G
PS9N9 %@=+ PS9)N; PS9) TW<R8
:);N; 6@ :);)N; :);) =+>R8
7S=JNP MW> 7S=8J)N; 7S=8J) :W@NR8
7P)9N9 T79>; 7PP)9)N; 7PP)9) :T+<R8
4I86PN %@>N9)+M 4I86PJ)N; 4I86PJ) 7M;9TR8
A)PN 4++ A8);)N; A8);) C+TR8
0 8=P66;- 1 7@=+0 DN6FE
0N- 8=P66;- 1 7@=+0 DC<FE
F. P;;)- 1/! 7+M+0 DN6FE
F.N- P;;)- 1/! 7+M+0 DC<FE
>C :6;S99) 8SAA6 84U6- GK =+ %WC @1 %@11++0
0CN- :)699) U)PP- +H! WN N@=+ YT+M0
00 :6;S99) 9SJ688- +H! =+ NC@@>0
.N- 4XU- <+N+F D<9TF K! 6@@)0LE
. 4XU- <+N+F D<9TF K! 6@@)0LE
. 4XU 7 G =U6-<+N+ 14!0 T7+ )@@MF D<9TF K! 6@@)
>) 14!0 F F FLE
)N-N// 8SP); 4; J;==D !D G? 1 N N7+R7+ N[NF
=CN- :)699)86; A?XP- !?!>H! T"<+ 1@M WN' T@@0
.N-3N30 S=:6-10( .+H! 9><>)0 D<9TF K K 9><>)
.+H!FLE
;;)8J6 2.N-2N20-@>6MTW<T9@>N0 D<9TF K K +D ! T@
D[@WME 7CC9>+NNFLE
=C+MT9X+
> V7, PD@;,> <>6Y6, V7, DPP9Z, 9P <[]P YP,* 9>PV,* @1 V7, 2NPV
D,NP@> D<YN< 9=D,NV9Z, 1@N=) ,G6G =/0B/ L@>, P]PM #YV @1V,> <P@
L<,VMP P]M) . /// L<,VMP 6@M) B (/ L<,VMP *@M 1@N =/0@,@.. )
. /@,@.. ) B (@,@.. G
7, >,6V9Z, 1@N=P @1 V7, 9=D,NV9Z, N, '@>PVNY'V,* *911,N,>V<]Q 7,N,
V@@ V7, P,'@>* D,NP@> P9>6Y<N 9P Y><9;, V7, @V7,N 1@N=PG
7+ N+%@>) C+MN@> N9>6W<M 9=C+MT9X+ >+6T9X+ 9N 1@M=+) 1M@= T7+
Y@M) 9' C<%+) "+1@M+ T7+ 9=C+MT9X+ 12M=T9X+ 1@M=F
7, @V7,N 9=D,NV9Z, >,6V9Z, 1@N=P N, #P,* @> V7, PV,= -) [9V7 V7,
DDN@DN9V, 9=D,NV9Z, ,>*9>6) 1@<<@[,* #] V7, 9>2>9V9Z, PV,= @1 V7,
F.N-2N2C 4) P;;)D !D T7+= 1/! 7+M+F
0N-3N3C 4) J6;;)& :) 7::)
8=P66;D
!D T7+= (1 T7+M+'Y+ M+ NT[9>6 T
7@=+F
,CC . J6- )+0-"@WT T7+ =TT+M0
2F>N- X9?J-!D WC0
S86; C )N-3N30 8SP); 49SD !D +X+M[@>+ 1 N 7+RN7+ <9;+NF
F-N- 98JX;;) 8S;;=99- @ D<>!=E [@WM 7@=+Y@M;
CM@C+M<[0
F 98JXJ6 8S;;=99- 1 [@WM 7@=+Y@M; CM@C+M<[0
!5*9&; #9&;
=JP "W[0 9 @NT )@>LT "W[0
9S) M+)0 9 <W+
U)' CW<<0 9 X+)
U @C+>0 9 X
:8 <9+0 9 =;
JX? +T0 9 N[A
PS9) %@=+0 9 TW<+
@0
@@)N
-,.. E2NPV D,NP@> D<YN<F) -, EP,'@>* D,NP@> D<YN<) <P@
,\DN,PP,P D@<9V, P,'@>* D,NP@> P9>6Y<NF >* -,11B EV79N* D,NP@>
D<YN<FG
\=D<,P @1 V7, 9=D,NV9Z, >,6V9Z, 1@<<@[ #,<@[G 7, @#:,'V 9P 9> V7,
DNV9V9Z,) 9> ''@N*>', [9V7 V7, >@N=< NY<,P EP,'V9@> -GWGXFG
&569 &+!+&9&; *-59&; +#9&; 6,+ -0 -)0
J;=N N[ 98 N>@R8= )@>LT N[0
=PPN T;+ 98 @TTR8=
A)9PN 1+M 98 C+<TR8?
