ABSTRACT
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Indians hadopposed the British raj through constitutional methods of prayerand petition, by extra-constitutional methods of individual revolutionary violence, and via futile attempts at armed insurrection during World War I. By 1919 constitutionalism had proved ineffective in winning major concessions, and the sporadic, isolated instances of armed resistance had been crushed. It was at this juncture that Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi appeared on the allIndia political stage with his strategy of non-violent non-cooperation. He was to stride the arena of Indian nationalist politics like a colossus until the Second War.
