ABSTRACT
Militant violence has been tearing apart the polity and society in the state of Jammu and Kashmir for the past 13 years. During that time, almost 28,000 people have been killed, mostly Muslims, and nearly half a million Hindus and Sikhs have been refugees in their own country for over a decade - driven out from the valley of Kashmir by extremist militancy in the name of religion. This overlapped with the conflict of transnational terrorism, perpetrated by religious extremism in the adjoining border state of Punjab from 1984-93, when 30,000 people died.
