ABSTRACT
Andy Hargreaves's 1994 book Changing Teachers, Changing Times has an extended discussion of specific elements of social change and their implications for schools. Although much of the larger literature is not readily accessible to educators, one doesn't have to look very hard to find discussions of the implications of external change for schools. If educators have a surplus of anything, it is advice. It seems everyone has an opinion about schools— perhaps because everyone has gone to school and knows something about them. The age-graded, centrally controlled and highly bureaucratized system of public schools has survived largely in the form in which it was invented in the late nineteenth century. There is a consensus in the literature on schools and on organizations generally that organizations must adapt to changes in their environments if they are to survive.
