ABSTRACT
Systematic programs of training in critical viewing skills were also prepared by organizations not associated with government, school districts, or institutions. Unlike most of the other "value-neutral" curricula, these programs were generally oriented to value-systems. They usually included elements of consumer activism, seeking to affect media industries as well as media viewers. Projects described in previous chapters represented specific schools and districts in the United States and in other regions of the world. Typically they were intensive where they originated-in specific classrooms and campus-related testing sites. What might be call their "vertical" structure contrasted with the broad "horizontal" scope of CVS programs mounted by national organizations. This chapter describes four such major entities in the United States: the American Council for Better Broadcasts, the National Parent-Teacher Association, the Media Action Research Center, and the U.S. Catholic Conference. But briefly noted first is an early related organization.
