ABSTRACT
The nineteenth century saw a huge growth in international migration, largely from Europe to the New World. Toward the end of the century, however, the surge of immigration into the United States from southern and eastern Europe began to bring charges of "cheap labor" and "unfair competition," particularly since immigrants were concentrated visibly in inner- city enclaves such as "Greektowns" and "Little Sicilies." The Quota Act limited the annual immigration from origins outside the Western Hemisphere to 154,000, with quotas distributed among countries in the same ratio as these countries contrib-uted to the national origin of the United States population in 1920. Similar ethnically discriminatory immigration policies were imposed elsewhere, notably the "White Australia" policy. Against a background of growing unemployment and hostility toward immigrants in the 1970s and 1980s, European governments have responded with immigration policies which embrace varying mixes of recruitment restriction, repatriation incentives, and integration programs.
