ABSTRACT

is tricky for logicians. We can write truth-tables for 'and', 'or' and 'not' because they are truth-functions; but we cannot write a similar table for 'if-then', as these words are normally used. Consider:

If you were a fish, you would have fins

If you were a fish, you would have feathers.

https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203061350/f5ce7580-7c0c-4392-aeab-0c1bd683fe20/content/fig187_B.jpg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> Both (i) and (ii) have the same form: if P then Q.

What are P and Q in (i)? And in (ii)?