Nolen’s report for Madison, Wisconsin, was the fi rst in which he focused primarily on life in a city as opposed to the physical components of a city. In his earlier reports, his focus had been on the physical aspects of the city itself – such things as parks, streets, administrative centers and railroad approaches – and he had not justifi ed his proposals in terms of the broader social functions of the elements of the city. By 1908 he had completed general landscape plans for Roanoke, San Diego and Savannah, at least started one for Charlotte, and had been employed on approximately fi fty projects – though most of these were landscape plans for private residences. His 1907 plan for Roanoke was suffi ciently well known to be included in the bibliography of An Introduction to City Planning by Benjamin Marsh, published in 1909. By the end of 1911, when he had completed his work in Madison, Nolen had begun or completed a total of twelve urban scale proposals, including his most notable, Replanning Reading. In addition, he had begun work on at least forty-one private properties, seven city parks, thirteen institutional grounds and ten land subdivisions.1