ABSTRACT
The independent-samples t-test allows researchers to compare two different groups of participants measured with the same instrument. However, if there are more than two groups of language learners or test takers, the independent-samples t-test cannot be used. In this chapter, an extension of the independent t-test to an inferential statistic called analysis of variance, commonly abbreviated as ANOVA, is introduced. This chapter focuses on one-way ANOVA and its alternative non-parametric test, namely the Kruskal-Wallis test, which can be used for ordinal data and data that do not exhibit a normal distribution.
