ABSTRACT
§ 1. IN any investigation of taxation in its bearing upon the different sources or kinds of income we cannot avoid discussing the problems of the shifting and incidence of the various taxes. For in testing the validity and utility of each tax we must have a clear idea, first of the element of income upon which a given tax finally settles, or the person who really pays, and secondly, of the disturbances and damages it may cause in the ‘ shifting ‘ process which may occur before the final settlement is reached.
