ABSTRACT
Over the decades since the civil rights movements of the 1950s, white responses to numerous public opinion surveys have suggested that the level of white-racist stereotyping and other racist framing has declined substantially. Psychological research has found that many white respondents alter comments on racial issues to appear unprejudiced. In several psychological studies researchers examined how strongly three major racial groups were associated with the category "American." During and after the 1950s–1970s civil rights movements, which generated the first major civil rights legislation in a century, the dominant racial frame changed, albeit often slowly, in a number of significant ways. A "mongrelizing"of black Americans in jokes is an old part of white racist framing. From the early 1900s to the 1930s, in the US mass media and in political speeches, moviemakers, writers, and politicians attacked in racialized terms not only the expanding Japanese empire in the Pacific, but also Japanese Americans fi in California and Hawaii.
