ABSTRACT
The Tajik civil war lasted from 1992 to 1997, pitting forces initially aligned to previous Soviet governing elites (pro-establishment forces) against a coalition of opposition forces that mainly drew support from groups that had connections to two parts of the country – Gharm and the Pamir Mountains. The civil war was at its most intense in late 1992 before settling down into a low intensity conflict for five more years. The country was divided throughout with segmented zones of control, rival armed actors and cross border issues that make it similar in many respects to the other two cases studied. As discussed in Chapter 3, social-service providers enjoyed a high degree of autonomy in the delivery of services for much of the conflict, making this case a useful addition to the two previously examined conflicts.
