ABSTRACT
Module 4: Syntactic elements and structures of the clause 34
4.1 Subject, Predicator, Object, Complement, Adjunct 35
4.1.1 Subject and Predicator 35 4.1.2 Object and Complement 35 4.1.3 The Adjunct 36
4.2 Criteria for the classification of clause elements 37
4.2.1 Determination by the verb 37 4.2.2 Position 38 4.2.3 Ability to become the subject 38 4.2.4 Realisations of these functions 39
4.3 Basic syntactic structures of the clause 39 4.4 Realisations of the elements 40
Module 5: Subject and Predicator 42
5.1 The Subject(s) 42 5.1.1 Semantic, cognitive and syntactic features 42 5.1.2 Realisations of the Subject 44
5.2 The Predicator 48
Module 6: Direct, Indirect and Prepositional Objects 50
6.1 The Direct Object 50
6.1.1 Syntactic and semantic features 50 6.1.2 Realisations of the Direct Object 52
6.2 The Indirect Object 55
6.2.1 Syntactic and semantic features 55 6.2.2 Realisations of the Indirect Object 56
6.3 Prepositional verbs and the Prepositional Object 56
6.3.1 Types of verb + preposition combinations 57 6.3.2 Syntactic behaviour of prepositional verbs 58
6.3.4 The prepositional passive 59 6.3.5 Realisations of the Prepositional Object 59
6.4 Phrasal verbs 60
6.4.1 Syntactic features 60 6.4.2 Differences between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs 61 6.4.3 Phrasal-prepositional verbs 62
Module 7: Subject and Object Complements 64
7.1 The Complement of the Subject 64
7.1.1 Syntactic and semantic features 64 7.1.2 Realisations of the Subject Complement 66
7.2 The Complement of the Object 67
7.2.1 Syntactic and semantic features 67 7.2.2 Realisations of the Object Complement 68
Module 8: Adjuncts 69
8.1 Syntactic and semantic features 69 8.2 Main classes of Adjuncts 70
8.2.1 Circumstantial Adjuncts 70 8.2.2 Realisations of the Circumstantial Adjunct: summary 71 8.2.3 Circumstantials as central clause elements 71 8.2.4 Circumstantials and their ordering in discourse 72 8.2.5 Stance Adjuncts 73 8.2.6 Realisations of the Stance Adjunct: summary 74 8.2.7 Connective Adjuncts 74 8.2.8 Realisations of the Connective Adjunct: summary 75
Further reading 76 Exercises 76
SUMMARY
1 The independent clause (or simple sentence) has two basic constituents: subject and predicate. The Subject (S) encodes the primary participant in the clause.
