ABSTRACT
In the years following the English civil war, developments within England and Wales encouraged in each of the three kingdoms not only political fragmentation and realignment but also a royalist military reaction, which was quelled first in England, then in Ireland, and lastly in Scotland. As part of this process the victorious English parliamentary army and its political allies imposed militarybacked settlements in each kingdom, driving through a constitutional revolution in England and then launching successful campaigns first to restore in a harsher form traditional English control over Ireland, and then to imposeEnglish authority over the hitherto separate kingdom of Scotland. By 1651 the English republic had imposed its dominance over, and a form of union upon, both Ireland and Scotland, and in so doing had moved towards the creation of a more unified British state.
