ABSTRACT
(Names in common use thus: Octavian) https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table">
Bc
31
Battle of Actium: M. Antonius (Antony) and Cleopatra defeated by Imperator Caesar (Octavian)
30
Death of M. Antonius and Cleopatra; Octavian in supreme power
27
Constitutional settlement: Octavian given title Augustus
Ad
4
Caesar Augustus adopts Tiberius Claudius Nero as Tiberius Caesar
14
Death of Augustus
14–37
Tiberius Julius Caesar (Augustus: this becomes the regular designation of Emperors)
37–41
Gaius Julius Caesar (Caligula)
41–54
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus
54–68
Nero Claudius Caesar Germanicus
68–9
Ser. Sulpicius Galba Caesar
69
M. Salvius Otho Caesar
A. Vitellius (Germanicus)
69–79
(T. Flavius) Imperator Caesar Vespasian (the prefixes Imperator Caesar now become normal)
79–81
Titus (Flavius) Vespasian
81–96
(T. Flavius) Domitian
96–8
(M. Cocceius) Nerva
98–117
(M. Ulpius) Nerva Trajan
117–38
(P. Aelius) Trajan Hadrian
138–61
(T. Aelius Hadrian Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius) Antoninus Pius
161–9
Al. M Aurelius Antoninus and L. Aurelius Verus
169–76
M. Aurelius Antoninus
176–80
M. Aurelius Antoninus and (L.) Aurelius Commodus
180–93
(L.) Aurelius Commodus
193
P. Helvius Pertinax
M. Didius Severus Julianus
193–8
L. Septimius Severus Pertinax
198–208
L. Septimius Severus and M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla)
208–11
L. Septimius Severus, M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) and P. Septimius Geta
211–12
M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) and P. Septimius Geta
212–17
M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla)
217–18
M. Opellius Macrinus
218
M. Opellius Macrinus and M. Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus
218–22
M. Aurelius Antoninus (Elagabalus)
222–35
M. Aurelius Severus Alexander
235–8
D. Iulius Verus Maximinus
238
D. Caelius Calvinus Balbinus and M. Clodius Pupienus
238–44
M. Antonius Gordianus (Gordian III)
244–8
M. Julius Philippus (Philip the Arabian)
248–9
M. Julius Philippus and his son of the same name
249–51
C. Messius Quintus Trajan Decius
251–3
C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus and C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusian
253
M. Aemilius Aemilian
253–60
P. Licinius Valerian and P. Licinius Gallienus
260–8
P. Licinius Gallienus
268–70
M. Aurelius Claudius (II, Gothicus)
270
M. Aurelius Claudius Quintillus
270–5
L. Domitius Aurelian
275–6
M. Claudius Tacitus
276
M. Annius Florian
276–82
M. Aurelius Probus
282–3
M. Aurelius Carus
283–4
M. Aurelius Numerius Numerianus
283–5
M. Aurelius Carinus
(For a list of pretenders see MacMullen 1976 (12), 93)