ABSTRACT
Spain’s Second Republic was born, and survived, in discouraging international circumstances: the Great Depression corroding Europe’s economies and societies; Hitler extinguishing Weimar pluralism and challenging the European status quo; a brutal ‘revolution from above’ in the USSR; and, in Mussolini’s Italy, a corporate state which bound together workers and managers, ostensibly for the national good. To many in Spain, such developments were healthy, a precedent to be followed.
